Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face.
One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible.
A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems.
Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The author of the reading passage and the lecturer both discuss the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. The author states that although there have been some successful manned missions to the Moon, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus, there will be some problems which sending humans to Mars would require to solve. However, the lecturer casts doubt on these hypotheses and refutes each of the author's theories by offering several solutions and arguments.
In the first place, the author expresses that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years, which takes a considerable amount of food, water, and oxygen. The cargo capacity of spacecraft may be too limited to put on board such great amount of food, water, and oxygen. Nonetheless, the lecturer asserts that the astronauts can use Hydroponic to grow crops. Crops grown by this method can grow in water instead of soil and they required small space to grow. Besides, these plants can also recycle the wastewater to make it become fresh water for humans to drink and, what is more, they are able to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen. Hence, the plants can provide humans with enough foods, water, and oxygen.
In addition, the author indicates that astronauts on the Mars mission would need to be in zero-gravity environment for a long period of time, which will adversely affect their body condition, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Nevertheless, the lecturer reveals that the astronauts, actually, have been in such environment for a long time and they are capable of dealing with it. The astronauts may do exercise to prevent the decreased muscle mass and also consume some vitamin to avoid the lower bone density.
Finally, the author claims that the astronauts will be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the sun. By contrast, the lecturer reveals that the radiations from the sun can be dangerous occasionally. Therefore, the astronauts may build up a radiation monitor and a small protective shield in the spacecraft, which will not weight a lot. By doing this, the astronauts may go inside the protective shield when the radiations from the sun are becoming dangerous.
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- tpo 49 73
- TPO-47 - Integrated Writing Task Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered 73
- tpo40 73
- Humans have long been fascinated by elephants, the largest land animal in the modern world. Social animals that live in herds, elephants are native to both Africa and Asia. Their large ears, long trunk, and long life span have made elephants one of the mo 73
- Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is Thus the project o 90
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 360, Rule ID: ALLOW_TO[1]
Message: Did you mean 'solving'? Or maybe you should add a pronoun? In active voice, 'require' + 'to' takes an object, usually a pronoun.
Suggestion: solving
...ch sending humans to Mars would require to solve. However, the lecturer casts doubt on t...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 127, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
... in zero-gravity environment for a long period of time, which will adversely affect their body...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, besides, finally, first, hence, however, may, nevertheless, nonetheless, so, therefore, thus, at least, in addition, such as, what is more, in the first place
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 16.0 5.04856512141 317% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 13.0 7.30242825607 178% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 54.0 30.3222958057 178% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1922.0 1373.03311258 140% => OK
No of words: 386.0 270.72406181 143% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.9792746114 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.43248042346 4.04702891845 110% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55749741768 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 203.0 145.348785872 140% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.525906735751 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 585.9 419.366225166 140% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 14.0 8.23620309051 170% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.1546160491 49.2860985944 84% => OK
Chars per sentence: 113.058823529 110.228320801 103% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.7058823529 21.698381199 105% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.2352941176 7.06452816374 145% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.222340478785 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0747602934401 0.0996497079465 75% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.144762592601 0.0662205650399 219% => The coherence between sentences is low.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.151255168921 0.162205337803 93% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.187550664915 0.0443174109184 423% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.9 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.29 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 87.0 63.6247240618 137% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.