The following appeared in a health newsletter.
"A ten-year nationwide study of the effectiveness of wearing a helmet while bicycling indicates that ten years ago, approximately 35 percent of all bicyclists reported wearing helmets, whereas today that number is nearly 80 percent.
Another study, however, suggests that during the same ten-year period, the number of bicycle-related accidents has increased 200 percent.
These results demonstrate that bicyclists feel safer because they are wearing helmets, and they take more risks as a result.
Thus, to reduce the number of serious injuries from bicycle accidents, the government should concentrate more on educating people about bicycle safety and less on encouraging or requiring bicyclists to wear helmets."
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument.
Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
The excerpt from the health newsletter states that the main focus of the government should be to educate the citizens about bicycle safety rather than encouraging them to wear safety helmets. The argument is based on the fact that even though there has been a significant increase in the percentage of bicyclists wearing helmets, there appears to be a greater rise in the number of accidents too as the cyclists tend to take more risks due to the safety of the helmet. However, this arguments is not validated as it has been conformed on the basis of some unstated assumptions.
To begin with, the assumption that the number of accidents that have been reported are due to the cyclists taking more risks can not be held as true. For example, if there is a significant rise in people investing in shares to earn profits as a market appears to be stable, due to a bubble burst as a result a of the unforeseen circumstances like an earthquake the then the loss faced by the investors can not be attributed to their risk taking behavior. To label the complete populace as risk taking and callous and attribute them to all the accidents can't be held true.
Also, another important unstated assumption that is not lucid, is the condition of roads and the population of people taken into consideration. In the time period of a complete decade, the condition of the roads and whether proper maintenance has been done, needs to be taken into account as it can also be a factor in the increase in number of accidents. Also, there could be a population boom, due to which there exists a possibility of a increased chances of accidents that occur.
Thus, due to these unstated assumptions which the newsletter does not state, the given statement can not stated as true. A considerable amount of proof needs to provided to validate this claim. The government can provide the statistical data for the same and bolster this argument.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 56, Rule ID: MAIN_FOCUS[1]
Message: Use simply 'focus'.
Suggestion: focus
...m the health newsletter states that the main focus of the government should be to educate ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 479, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...e to the safety of the helmet. However, this arguments is not validated as it has be...
^^^^
Line 3, column 309, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...able, due to a bubble burst as a result a of the unforeseen circumstances like an...
^
Line 3, column 554, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...and attribute them to all the accidents cant be held true. Also, another importan...
^^^^
Line 5, column 440, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
... to which there exists a possibility of a increased chances of accidents that occ...
^
Line 7, column 106, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'can' requires the base form of the verb: 'state'
Suggestion: state
... not state, the given statement can not stated as true. A considerable amount of proof...
^^^^^^
Line 7, column 213, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... validate this claim. The government can provide the statistical data for the sam...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, so, then, thus, for example, as a result, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 19.6327345309 97% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 12.9520958084 54% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 11.1786427146 45% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 8.0 13.6137724551 59% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 15.0 28.8173652695 52% => OK
Preposition: 49.0 55.5748502994 88% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 16.3942115768 79% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1593.0 2260.96107784 70% => OK
No of words: 335.0 441.139720559 76% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.7552238806 5.12650576532 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.27820116611 4.56307096286 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72392598613 2.78398813304 98% => OK
Unique words: 163.0 204.123752495 80% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.486567164179 0.468620217663 104% => OK
syllable_count: 505.8 705.55239521 72% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.59920159681 94% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 4.96107784431 20% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 2.70958083832 37% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 4.22255489022 71% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 19.7664670659 61% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 22.8473053892 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 69.7628423064 57.8364921388 121% => OK
Chars per sentence: 132.75 119.503703932 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.9166666667 23.324526521 120% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.58333333333 5.70786347227 115% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 5.15768463074 78% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 7.0 5.25449101796 133% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.20758483034 85% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 6.88822355289 73% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.67664670659 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0802657845841 0.218282227539 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.028585955589 0.0743258471296 38% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.040011821422 0.0701772020484 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0484008842216 0.128457276422 38% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0509375136643 0.0628817314937 81% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.9 14.3799401198 104% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.53 48.3550499002 109% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 12.197005988 103% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.62 12.5979740519 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.51 8.32208582834 102% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 98.500998004 76% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 12.3882235529 145% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 11.1389221557 115% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.9071856287 109% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 16.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 56, Rule ID: MAIN_FOCUS[1]
Message: Use simply 'focus'.
Suggestion: focus
...m the health newsletter states that the main focus of the government should be to educate ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 479, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...e to the safety of the helmet. However, this arguments is not validated as it has be...
^^^^
Line 3, column 309, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...able, due to a bubble burst as a result a of the unforeseen circumstances like an...
^
Line 3, column 554, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...and attribute them to all the accidents cant be held true. Also, another importan...
^^^^
Line 5, column 440, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
... to which there exists a possibility of a increased chances of accidents that occ...
^
Line 7, column 106, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'can' requires the base form of the verb: 'state'
Suggestion: state
... not state, the given statement can not stated as true. A considerable amount of proof...
^^^^^^
Line 7, column 213, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... validate this claim. The government can provide the statistical data for the sam...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, so, then, thus, for example, as a result, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 19.0 19.6327345309 97% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 12.9520958084 54% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 11.1786427146 45% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 8.0 13.6137724551 59% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 15.0 28.8173652695 52% => OK
Preposition: 49.0 55.5748502994 88% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 16.3942115768 79% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1593.0 2260.96107784 70% => OK
No of words: 335.0 441.139720559 76% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.7552238806 5.12650576532 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.27820116611 4.56307096286 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72392598613 2.78398813304 98% => OK
Unique words: 163.0 204.123752495 80% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.486567164179 0.468620217663 104% => OK
syllable_count: 505.8 705.55239521 72% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.59920159681 94% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 4.96107784431 20% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 2.70958083832 37% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 4.22255489022 71% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 19.7664670659 61% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 27.0 22.8473053892 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 69.7628423064 57.8364921388 121% => OK
Chars per sentence: 132.75 119.503703932 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.9166666667 23.324526521 120% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.58333333333 5.70786347227 115% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 5.15768463074 78% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 7.0 5.25449101796 133% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.20758483034 85% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 6.88822355289 73% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.67664670659 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0802657845841 0.218282227539 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.028585955589 0.0743258471296 38% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.040011821422 0.0701772020484 57% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0484008842216 0.128457276422 38% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0509375136643 0.0628817314937 81% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.9 14.3799401198 104% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.53 48.3550499002 109% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 12.197005988 103% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.62 12.5979740519 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.51 8.32208582834 102% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 98.500998004 76% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 12.3882235529 145% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 11.1389221557 115% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.9071856287 109% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 16.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.