The following appeared in a memo from the director of a large group of hospitals.
"In a controlled laboratory study of liquid hand soaps, a concentrated solution of extra strength UltraClean hand soap produced a 40 percent greater reduction in harmful bacteria than did the liquid hand soaps currently used in our hospitals. During our recent test of regular-strength UltraClean with doctors, nurses, and visitors at our hospital in Worktown, the hospital reported significantly fewer cases of patient infection (a 20 percent reduction) than did any of the other hospitals in our group. The explanation for the 20 percent reduction in patient infections is the use of UltraClean soap."
Write a response in which you discuss one or more alternative explanations that could rival the proposed explanation and explain how your explanation(s) can plausibly account for the facts presented in the argument.
The memo from the director of the hospital avers that the use of UltraClean has led to a significant reduction in patient infection in the hospital. The conclusion was based on the the result from a study that shows that UltraClean killed 40 percent more noxious bacteria than other hand soap, and that there was fewer cases of infected patients in the hospital when UltraClean was been used. However, other factors could be at play, and if so, nullify the conclusion that UltraClean is more effective that other hand soaps.
Firstly, the reduction of 40 percent of harmful bacteria that was reported in the study may not be significant as the study fails to tell the number of bacteria in the study. Furthermore, the bacteria used in the study may be different and if so, the effect of the hand soap across all will distinctively be different. If this is the case, the UltraClean soap may be effective at killing a particular type of bacteria, which was probably used in the study, and may not be effective at killing every other type of bacteria. And as so, it would be erroneous to assume that the UltraClean soap is more effective in killing all type of bacteria.
Furthermore, other factors may contribute to the reduction in patient infection. It is possible that during the cases of reported infection of patients, there was an outbreak of infectious disease and in this new cases, there wasn't. An outbreak of infection may be the reason while there was a relatively high number of patient infection previously compared to the ones being observed now. If this were the case, then concluding that UltraClean accounted for the reduction in infection would be flawed.
Moreover, the type of infection that affected the patients was considered. It is possible that the last infection is more easily spread and contacted that the ones that is currently reported. This could be another reason why there was a decline in the number of reported cases and not necessarily because of the UltraClean wash.
In conclusion, other factors could account for the reduced infection observed in patients, as well as the effectiveness of UltraClean in killing bacteria.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-08-27 | SanjanaB | 54 | view |
| 2023-08-03 | Ataraxia-m | 54 | view |
| 2023-02-08 | HSNDEK | 66 | view |
| 2022-09-29 | Ruthvik_542 | 58 | view |
| 2022-08-02 | aggy | 65 | view |
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.0 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 2 2
No. of Sentences: 14 15
No. of Words: 366 350
No. of Characters: 1756 1500
No. of Different Words: 136 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.374 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.798 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.699 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 117 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 103 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 80 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 49 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 26.143 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 11.141 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.714 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.392 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.651 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.127 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 178, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: the
...e hospital. The conclusion was based on the the result from a study that shows that Ult...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 178, Rule ID: DT_DT[1]
Message: Maybe you need to remove one determiner so that only 'the' or 'the' is left.
Suggestion: the; the
...e hospital. The conclusion was based on the the result from a study that shows that Ult...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 379, Rule ID: WAS_BEEN[1]
Message: Did you mean 'was' or 'has been'?
Suggestion: was; has been
...atients in the hospital when UltraClean was been used. However, other factors could be a...
^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 226, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ous disease and in this new cases, there wasnt. An outbreak of infection may be t...
^^
Line 5, column 228, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: wasn't
...s disease and in this new cases, there wasnt. An outbreak of infection may be the re...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, furthermore, however, if, may, moreover, so, then, well, while, in conclusion, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 29.0 19.6327345309 148% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 12.0 12.9520958084 93% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 11.1786427146 72% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 13.6137724551 118% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 28.8173652695 73% => OK
Preposition: 47.0 55.5748502994 85% => OK
Nominalization: 13.0 16.3942115768 79% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1805.0 2260.96107784 80% => OK
No of words: 365.0 441.139720559 83% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.94520547945 5.12650576532 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.37092360658 4.56307096286 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.7619971507 2.78398813304 99% => OK
Unique words: 141.0 204.123752495 69% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.386301369863 0.468620217663 82% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 563.4 705.55239521 80% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.59920159681 94% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 4.96107784431 81% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.76447105788 91% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 2.70958083832 111% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.67365269461 239% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 1.0 4.22255489022 24% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 19.7664670659 76% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 24.0 22.8473053892 105% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.7878238512 57.8364921388 72% => OK
Chars per sentence: 120.333333333 119.503703932 101% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.3333333333 23.324526521 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.33333333333 5.70786347227 128% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 5.25449101796 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 8.20758483034 73% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 6.88822355289 87% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.67664670659 64% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.15201214347 0.218282227539 70% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0632290608201 0.0743258471296 85% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0629679309669 0.0701772020484 90% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0860279700847 0.128457276422 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0848223702533 0.0628817314937 135% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.0 14.3799401198 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 48.3550499002 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 7.1628742515 43% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 12.197005988 94% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.73 12.5979740519 93% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.73 8.32208582834 93% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 98.500998004 68% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 12.3882235529 105% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 11.1389221557 104% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.9071856287 101% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 58.33 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 3.5 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.