The following opinion was provided in a letter to the editor of a national aeronautics magazine:
"Manned space flight is costly and dangerous. Moreover, the recent success of a series of unmanned space probes and satellites has demonstrated that a great deal of useful information can be gathered without the costs and risks associated with sending men and women into space. Therefore, we should invest our resources in unmanned space flight."
The following argument is flawed for numerous reasons. Primarily, the argument is based on the unwarranted assumptions that, manned space flight is costly and dangerous in contrast to unmanned space flight, rendering its main conclusion, that we should invest more on unmanned space flight, invalid.
The argument fails to provide any justificaitons that information obtained from unmanned space flight has high reliability compare to those obtained from manned space flight. The argument could have provided evidence from the research made by simply consulting a Librarian for review of published studies to show whether a paralled exists between unmanned space flight and accuracy of results. Had the argument gave information that unmanned space flight gives more accurate result than manned, it is yet insufficient as we would also need to take on pragmatic approach.
The argument also leaves many other unanswered questions. Unmanned space flight are more cost efficient than manned space flight. Even if the argument provide information regarding the non-negotiable nature of the cost put forward by the Astronauts, it does not assert the claim as no figure is provided regarding the cost of both manned and unmanned space flight for the same space tasks or program.
Finally, the argument claims without warrant that, manned space flight has high risk involved. So even if, the argument provide recent evidence for this claim, it is still lacking because it does not information to show that large percentage of unmanned space flight has low risk involved compare to manned space flight in the past.
Because the argument makes several unwarranted assumptions, it fails to make a convincing case that, manned space flight is costly and dangerous as such investment on unmanned space flight should be encouraged.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-08-04 | DCAD123 | 50 | view |
| 2023-07-30 | BusariMoruf | 55 | view |
| 2023-06-28 | Technoblade | 78 | view |
| 2023-06-14 | shubham1102 | 58 | view |
| 2023-02-10 | Yam Kumar Oli | 60 | view |
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 4 2
No. of Sentences: 11 15
No. of Words: 285 350
No. of Characters: 1507 1500
No. of Different Words: 139 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.109 4.7
Average Word Length: 5.288 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.631 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 125 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 86 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 66 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 32 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 25.909 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 13.049 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.545 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.521 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.713 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.245 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, if, regarding, so, still, in conclusion, in contrast, in contrast to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 19.6327345309 46% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 12.9520958084 39% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 11.1786427146 54% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 7.0 13.6137724551 51% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 17.0 28.8173652695 59% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 55.5748502994 52% => More preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 17.0 16.3942115768 104% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1547.0 2260.96107784 68% => OK
No of words: 285.0 441.139720559 65% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.42807017544 5.12650576532 106% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10876417139 4.56307096286 90% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.69279443883 2.78398813304 97% => OK
Unique words: 143.0 204.123752495 70% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.501754385965 0.468620217663 107% => OK
syllable_count: 473.4 705.55239521 67% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.59920159681 106% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 4.96107784431 101% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 2.70958083832 74% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 4.22255489022 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 19.7664670659 56% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 22.8473053892 109% => OK
Sentence length SD: 77.0707520817 57.8364921388 133% => OK
Chars per sentence: 140.636363636 119.503703932 118% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.9090909091 23.324526521 111% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.54545454545 5.70786347227 132% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 5.25449101796 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 8.20758483034 12% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 10.0 6.88822355289 145% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.67664670659 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.329853134184 0.218282227539 151% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.164178162208 0.0743258471296 221% => Sentence topic similarity is high.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0945930271447 0.0701772020484 135% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.235365735425 0.128457276422 183% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.032437995062 0.0628817314937 52% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 17.1 14.3799401198 119% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 37.64 48.3550499002 78% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 14.2 12.197005988 116% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.51 12.5979740519 115% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.53 8.32208582834 102% => OK
difficult_words: 66.0 98.500998004 67% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 12.3882235529 113% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 11.1389221557 108% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.9071856287 76% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 50.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 3.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.