Manned space flight is costly and dangerous. Moreover, the recent success of a series of unmanned space probes and satellites has demonstrated that a great deal of useful information can be gathered without the costs and risks associated with sending men and women into space. Therefore, we should invest our resources in unmanned space flight.
The author asserts that countries should invest their resources in unmanned space flights because of the recent success of a series of unmanned space probes and satellites which have shown that a great deal of valuable information can be a collected without the costs and risks involved in sending men and women into space. However before this recommendation can be properly evaluated, three questions must be answered.
First of all, is it possible that the author is comparing manned space flights, which were being sent into space in the past to that in recent times, regarding the cost? Maybe the manned space flights were more expensive earlier on, hence it cost countries a fortune. Whereas, the unmanned space flights may have seemed cheaper owing to the increase in number of space flights in recent times. However, perhaps the charges in the past may not be the same as in recent times. It is probable, that back in the days when the space flights went into space, there were not as many manned space flights as there are nowadays, hence the reason for the high expenditure. If the above mentioned scenarios are true then the argument does not hold water
Second of all, the passage states, unmanned space flights have exhibited that relevant information can be gathered at no cost and is risk free with regard to sending humans into space. The author's disposition is vague regarding the unmanned flight acquiring useful information. Maybe, there may have been some sort of technology or robot which was used to acquire these information, which perhaps may have cost much more than sending men and women into space. Furthermore, these machines or technology which might have been used will definitely require maintenance over time, whereas humans will not need to be maintained, rather will only have to rest which basically will be at little to no cost as compared to the machines. If the above stated is true and valid, then the original argument is significantly weakened.
Thirdly, what if the data accumulated by the unmanned space probes and satellites is not adequate? Perchance, the data gotten would have been much more sufficient if a manned space flight was sent with humans into space, because these probes and satellites have probably been programmed to work in a certain way. Nevertheless, perhaps with humans there is no such thing as being programmed to function in a particular way, hence they take cognizance and are wary of everything that they notice. If the above stated events, is correct, then the argument by the author is not valid.
In conclusion, the argument as it stands, is considerably flawed due to its reliance on several unwarranted assumptions. if the author is able to answer the three questions and provide more evidence then it will be possible to fully evaluate the viability of the proposed recommendation.
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 4.0 out of 6
Category: Good Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 18 15
No. of Words: 477 350
No. of Characters: 2331 1500
No. of Different Words: 211 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.673 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.887 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.544 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 159 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 117 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 82 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 48 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 26.5 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 12.527 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.944 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.346 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.559 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.093 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 325, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...ed in sending men and women into space. However before this recommendation can be prope...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 269, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Whereas” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
... on, hence it cost countries a fortune. Whereas, the unmanned space flights may have se...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 664, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “If” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...ce the reason for the high expenditure. If the above mentioned scenarios are true ...
^^
Line 5, column 190, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...egard to sending humans into space. The authors disposition is vague regarding the unma...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 365, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this information' or 'these informations'?
Suggestion: this information; these informations
...logy or robot which was used to acquire these information, which perhaps may have cost much more ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 123, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: If
...nce on several unwarranted assumptions. if the author is able to answer the three ...
^^
Line 9, column 201, Rule ID: LESS_MORE_THEN[1]
Message: Did you mean 'than'?
Suggestion: than
...ree questions and provide more evidence then it will be possible to fully evaluate t...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, furthermore, hence, however, if, may, nevertheless, regarding, second, so, then, third, thirdly, whereas, in conclusion, sort of, first of all, with regard to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 35.0 19.6327345309 178% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 17.0 12.9520958084 131% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 11.1786427146 107% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 13.6137724551 103% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 28.8173652695 69% => OK
Preposition: 60.0 55.5748502994 108% => OK
Nominalization: 16.0 16.3942115768 98% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2391.0 2260.96107784 106% => OK
No of words: 477.0 441.139720559 108% => OK
Chars per words: 5.01257861635 5.12650576532 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.67336384929 4.56307096286 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.6317646615 2.78398813304 95% => OK
Unique words: 221.0 204.123752495 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.463312368973 0.468620217663 99% => OK
syllable_count: 754.2 705.55239521 107% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 4.96107784431 60% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.76447105788 68% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 2.70958083832 185% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 4.22255489022 47% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 19.7664670659 91% => OK
Sentence length: 26.0 22.8473053892 114% => OK
Sentence length SD: 70.6416141826 57.8364921388 122% => OK
Chars per sentence: 132.833333333 119.503703932 111% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.5 23.324526521 114% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.16666666667 5.70786347227 161% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 5.25449101796 133% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 8.20758483034 85% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 6.88822355289 73% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.67664670659 128% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.416811320204 0.218282227539 191% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.131031945885 0.0743258471296 176% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.120148060801 0.0701772020484 171% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.232286701515 0.128457276422 181% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.142303676862 0.0628817314937 226% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.4 14.3799401198 107% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 45.09 48.3550499002 93% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.4 12.197005988 110% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.5979740519 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.27 8.32208582834 99% => OK
difficult_words: 101.0 98.500998004 103% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 12.3882235529 145% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 11.1389221557 111% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.9071856287 109% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.