The conclusion that only unmanned space flights are worthy of investment is poorly supported by a few assumptions, namely: that manned flights are more expensive than unmanned flights; that devices are, at least, as capable of gathering information in the space as humans are; and, as assumed by the conclusion itself, that a space flight has no research goals that require the presence of a human (for example, studying the human body in the outer space).
Manned space flight is costly is an assumption that needs comparison to a counterfactual. Is the cost of unmanned space flights lower? Of course, people onboard have to be well remunerated but the devices that substitute their place may, perhaps, be high enough to take into consideration. For instance, the last unsuccessful flight to the space, which was unmanned, resulted in a record lose of 850 million dollars mostly due to the enormous amount of robots that were piloting the flying machine. Arguably, a skilled human pilot would have performed better than a robot if presented with unauspicious conditions. Therefore, the substitution of humans is more than questionable if the reason for this change is the cost. It can be argued as well, on the other hand, that the cost could go beyond the 850 million had this been a manned flight.
Certainly it is desirable to avoid losing people in a space mission. However, is the "great deal" of information being gathered sufficient enough to justify the unmanned space probe? It is possible that machines do gather much more information than a group of astronauts prone to human errors, but it would be very useful to know if this machines are capable of recollecting as much detailed information as persons can. Just to cite one example, last month the National Aeronautics Journal published a study in which the authors were concerned with the lattest advancements in meteorite studies: not one paper has been published in 5 years that offers revealing information - which coincides with the substitution of humans for robots in space flights. Thus, if devices are not as capable as humans of providing new information, then to what extent are persons substitutable? In the end, a space probe will be a costly experience, but whether its mission is accomplished or not is a different story.
Finally, the conclusion, in and of itself, assumes that there is nothing more to space flight than to collect information. Perhaps the most desirable pieces of information are those allowing to study the outer space, but a space flight can as well be useful in studying other areas, such as physiology in the space. Sure, aeronautics is not a field entirely concerned with studying the human body, but the huge investment in space flights can as well be useful for researchers in other fields.
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Essay evaluation report
samples:
https://www.testbig.com/gmatgre-essays/following-opinion-was-provided-l…
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Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.0 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 17 15
No. of Words: 467 350
No. of Characters: 2271 1500
No. of Different Words: 217 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.649 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.863 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.75 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 163 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 117 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 78 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 55 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 27.471 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 16.267 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.765 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.332 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.498 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.06 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 4 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 192, Rule ID: ALLOW_TO[1]
Message: Did you mean 'studying'? Or maybe you should add a pronoun? In active voice, 'allow' + 'to' takes an object, usually a pronoun.
Suggestion: studying
...ieces of information are those allowing to study the outer space, but a space flight can...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, however, if, may, so, then, therefore, thus, well, at least, for example, for instance, of course, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 34.0 19.6327345309 173% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 9.0 12.9520958084 69% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 11.1786427146 63% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 13.6137724551 110% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 28.8173652695 83% => OK
Preposition: 53.0 55.5748502994 95% => OK
Nominalization: 17.0 16.3942115768 104% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2347.0 2260.96107784 104% => OK
No of words: 467.0 441.139720559 106% => OK
Chars per words: 5.02569593148 5.12650576532 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.64867537961 4.56307096286 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.85958673319 2.78398813304 103% => OK
Unique words: 228.0 204.123752495 112% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.488222698073 0.468620217663 104% => OK
syllable_count: 731.7 705.55239521 104% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 4.96107784431 101% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.76447105788 68% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 2.70958083832 111% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.67365269461 239% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 6.0 4.22255489022 142% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 19.7664670659 86% => OK
Sentence length: 27.0 22.8473053892 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 98.2918118503 57.8364921388 170% => OK
Chars per sentence: 138.058823529 119.503703932 116% => OK
Words per sentence: 27.4705882353 23.324526521 118% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.17647058824 5.70786347227 143% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 5.15768463074 78% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 1.0 5.25449101796 19% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 8.20758483034 97% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 6.88822355289 87% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.67664670659 64% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.351766878258 0.218282227539 161% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.134030627957 0.0743258471296 180% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0971896425838 0.0701772020484 138% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.229191256682 0.128457276422 178% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0254584670524 0.0628817314937 40% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.0 14.3799401198 111% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 44.07 48.3550499002 91% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 12.197005988 113% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.19 12.5979740519 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.66 8.32208582834 104% => OK
difficult_words: 109.0 98.500998004 111% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 18.0 12.3882235529 145% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.8 11.1389221557 115% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.9071856287 76% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.