"No field of study can advance significantly unless outsiders bring their knowledge and
experience to that field of study."
I strongly agree with the assertion that significant advances in knowledge require expertise from various fields. The world around us presents a seamless web of physical and
anthropogenic forces, which interact in ways that can be understood only in the context of a
variety of disciplines. Two examples that aptly illustrate this point involve the fields of cultural
anthropology and astronomy.
Consider how a cultural anthropologist's knowledge about an ancient civilization is
enhanced not only by the expertise of the archeologist--who unearths the evidence--but
ultimately by the expertise of biochemists, geologists, linguists, and even astronomers. By
analyzing the hair, nails, blood and bones of mummified bodies, biochemists and forensic
scientists can determine the life expectancy, general well-being, and common causes of death
of the population. These experts can also ensure the proper preservation of evidence found at
the archeological site. A geologist can help identify the source and age of the materials used
for tools, weapons, and structures--thereby enabling the anthropologist to extrapolate about
the civilization's economy, trades and work habits, life styles, extent of travel and mobility, and so forth. Linguists are needed to interpret hieroglyphics and extrapolate from found fragments of writings. And an astronomer can help explain the layout of an ancient city as well as the design, structure and position of monuments, tombs, and temples--since ancients often looked to the stars for guidance in building cities and structures.
An even more striking example of how expertise in diverse fields is needed to advance knowledge involves the area of astronomy and space exploration. Significant advancements in
our knowledge of the solar system and the universe require increasingly keen tools for
observation and measurement. Telescope technology and the measurement of celestial
distances, masses, volumes, and so forth, are the domain of astrophysicists.
These advances also require increasingly sophisticated means of exploration. Manned and
unmanned exploratory probes are designed by mechanical, electrical, and computer engineers. And to build and enable these technologies requires the acumen and savvy of business leaders, managers, and politicians. Even diplomats might play a role--insofar as
major space projects require intemafional cooperative efforts among the world's scientists and governments. And ultimately it is our philosophers whose expertise helps provide meaning to what we learn about our universe.
In sum, no area of intelectual inquiry operates in a vacuum. Because the sciences are inextricably related, to advance our knowledge in any one area we must understand the interplay among them all. Moreover, it is our non-scienfists who make possible the science, and who bring meaning to what we learn from it.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-07-03 | zanzendegi | 83 | view |
| 2023-01-21 | carlossouza | 66 | view |
| 2022-07-30 | yyh123 | 83 | view |
| 2021-08-07 | rachnabehl43 | 66 | view |
| 2021-03-07 | Kay_1998 | 83 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 175, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... presents a seamless web of physical and anthropogenic forces, which interact in ...
^^^
Line 2, column 93, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...n be understood only in the context of a variety of disciplines. Two examples tha...
^^^
Line 3, column 101, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...his point involve the fields of cultural anthropology and astronomy. Consider ...
^^^
Line 5, column 26, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'anthropologists'' or 'anthropologist's'?
Suggestion: anthropologists'; anthropologist's
...d astronomy. Consider how a cultural anthropologists knowledge about an ancient civilization...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 84, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...owledge about an ancient civilization is enhanced not only by the expertise of th...
^^^
Line 6, column 87, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...eologist--who unearths the evidence--but ultimately by the expertise of biochemis...
^^^
Line 7, column 92, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...sts, linguists, and even astronomers. By analyzing the hair, nails, blood and bon...
^^^
Line 8, column 89, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...mmified bodies, biochemists and forensic scientists can determine the life expect...
^^^
Line 9, column 93, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...l well-being, and common causes of death of the population. These experts can als...
^^^
Line 10, column 94, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...proper preservation of evidence found at the archeological site. A geologist can ...
^^^
Line 11, column 95, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...the source and age of the materials used for tools, weapons, and structures--ther...
^^^
Line 12, column 93, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... the anthropologist to extrapolate about the civilizations economy, trades and wo...
^^^
Line 13, column 5, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'civilizations'' or 'civilization's'?
Suggestion: civilizations'; civilization's
...thropologist to extrapolate about the civilizations economy, trades and work habits, life s...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 14, column 179, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...exploration. Significant advancements in our knowledge of the solar system and th...
^^^
Line 15, column 87, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...erse require increasingly keen tools for observation and measurement. Telescope t...
^^^
Line 16, column 83, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...hnology and the measurement of celestial distances, masses, volumes, and so forth...
^^^
Line 18, column 89, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ticated means of exploration. Manned and unmanned exploratory probes are designed...
^^^
Line 19, column 258, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... diplomats might play a role--insofar as major space projects require intemafiona...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, if, look, moreover, so, well, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 19.5258426966 51% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 12.4196629213 56% => OK
Conjunction : 31.0 14.8657303371 209% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 8.0 11.3162921348 71% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 21.0 33.0505617978 64% => OK
Preposition: 56.0 58.6224719101 96% => OK
Nominalization: 16.0 12.9106741573 124% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2481.0 2235.4752809 111% => OK
No of words: 425.0 442.535393258 96% => OK
Chars per words: 5.83764705882 5.05705443957 115% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.54043259262 4.55969084622 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.40900009693 2.79657885939 122% => OK
Unique words: 250.0 215.323595506 116% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.588235294118 0.4932671777 119% => OK
syllable_count: 776.7 704.065955056 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.8 1.59117977528 113% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 6.24550561798 80% => OK
Article: 5.0 4.99550561798 100% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 3.10617977528 32% => OK
Conjunction: 12.0 1.77640449438 676% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 4.38483146067 91% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 20.0 20.2370786517 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 23.0359550562 91% => OK
Sentence length SD: 58.0963854297 60.3974514979 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 124.05 118.986275619 104% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.25 23.4991977007 90% => OK
Discourse Markers: 2.55 5.21951772744 49% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 21.0 4.97078651685 422% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 18.0 7.80617977528 231% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 10.2758426966 78% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 5.13820224719 58% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.83258426966 186% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.140599308667 0.243740707755 58% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.038622446187 0.0831039109588 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0396280303013 0.0758088955206 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0344801033472 0.150359130593 23% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0446893916719 0.0667264976115 67% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.7 14.1392134831 118% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 33.24 48.8420337079 68% => OK
smog_index: 11.2 7.92365168539 141% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.8 12.1743820225 113% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 16.59 12.1639044944 136% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.44 8.38706741573 124% => OK
difficult_words: 155.0 100.480337079 154% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.5 11.8971910112 105% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 11.2143820225 93% => OK
text_standard: 17.0 11.7820224719 144% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Maximum six paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.