In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread-like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails-would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Cleaning large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
Both the reading and the lecture discuss how the western United States forests have been infected by P. ramorum fungi. The author suggests three possible methods to stop the further spread of the p. fungi. In the listening portion, however, the lecturer believes none of the mentioned tactics is feasible, therefore, infective.
First of all, preventing P. ramorum spores from reproducing would effectively solve the problem, the author asserts. In fact, some scholars have found that P. ramorum spores typically live along hiking and biking trails. So, educating people some will limit the spore’s transmission such as washing their shoes or replacing their bike scrubbers every now and then. In contrast, the lecturer disagrees with this belief by stating that even if people followed the instructions would not cause a huge impact. This is because some experts have discovered that spores are being picked up by the streams when it rains, which is something really hard to control.
Second of all, the writer suggests that using fungicidal can save the oak trees, especially since such chemicals will stimulate the oak tree's immunty which, in turn. will help them to fight back. On the other hand, the speaker argues with this statment. She says that it is true that injecting the fungicidal will benefit the trees, but farmers have to inject them every few months. Furthermore. the U.S. forests usually contain a countless number of trees which, in turn, will make cost a lot of money.
Finally, the author wraps his argeument by explaining that fightting P. ramorum can be managed by using the clear-cutting strategy, which means cutting the infected trees along with the surrounding plants. The speaker argues this point by mentioning that conducting such method will cause more ecological catastrophes. She elaborates that some vegetation is rare and it's hard for them to grow back. Therefore, cleaning large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is not eco-friendly and will make the situation worse.
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- Some people believe that it is very important to make large amounts of money while others are satisfied to earn a comfortable living Analyze each viewpoint and take a stand 81
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Universities should give the same amount of money to their students sports activities as they give to their university libraries Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion 11
- Do you agree or disagree with following statement Should university classes be optional 71
- Do you agree or disagree with following statement Should university classes be optional 85
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Universities should give the same amount of money to their students sports activities as they give to their university libraries Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion 85
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 101, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ted States forests have been infected by P. ramorum fungi. The author suggests th...
^^
Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...s feasible, therefore, infective. First of all, preventing P. ramorum spor...
^^^^
Line 4, column 350, Rule ID: EVERY_NOW_AND_THEN[1]
Message: Use simply 'now and then'.
Suggestion: now and then
...shoes or replacing their bike scrubbers every now and then. In contrast, the lecturer disagrees wi...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... something really hard to control. Second of all, the writer suggests that ...
^^^
Line 7, column 170, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Will
...e the oak trees immunty which, in turn. will help them to fight back. On the other h...
^^^^
Line 7, column 387, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Furthermore,
...s have to inject them every few months. Furthermore. the U.S. forests usually contain a cou...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 400, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...ect them every few months. Furthermore. the U.S. forests usually contain a countles...
^^^
Line 10, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...n, will make cost a lot of money. Finally, the author wraps his argeument ...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, really, second, so, then, therefore, in contrast, in fact, such as, first of all, it is true, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 5.04856512141 218% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1722.0 1373.03311258 125% => OK
No of words: 329.0 270.72406181 122% => OK
Chars per words: 5.23404255319 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.25891501996 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55345562391 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 196.0 145.348785872 135% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.595744680851 0.540411800872 110% => OK
syllable_count: 502.2 419.366225166 120% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 20.0 13.0662251656 153% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 43.846723337 49.2860985944 89% => OK
Chars per sentence: 86.1 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.45 21.698381199 76% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.9 7.06452816374 112% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 8.0 4.19205298013 191% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 4.45695364238 202% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.1677613805 0.272083759551 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0481622134973 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0603701910522 0.0662205650399 91% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0982274682696 0.162205337803 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0233923480801 0.0443174109184 53% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.4 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.76 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.61 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 87.0 63.6247240618 137% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.