In 1995 a microscopic fungus called Phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread—like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails—would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Clearing large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
According to the reading passage, the author illustrates many opinions on protecting oak trees from infection of Phytophthora ramorum which is a kind of fungi. although those points of view for protecting oak trees seem to be convincing and eloquent., the lecturer argued the points and doubted the methods mentioned in the article in the listening, which I am going to discuss below.
First of all, the author mentions that the action of human affects spreading of fungi and leads infection of oak. To reduce the effects from human, for instance, we can encourage riders or hikers to wash out the attached fungi on their shoes. However, the lecturer indicated that the action of human is not the biggest problem of infection. The rainfall and the water stream is the key cause of this threaten. elimination of human actions doesn't affect much and doesn't help to control this disease. So the passage suggests the wrong way to solve the problem.
Secondly, the reading passage indicates that we can use fungicidal chemicals to remove fungi from oak trees. However the lecturer demonstrated that this kind of fungicidal chemicals is only effective on early stage of the disease, which means the workers need to inject chemicals once within few months. That is impractical. Therefore, the possibility of this method is doubted by the lecturer.
Lastly, the reading passage suggests that using of clear-cutting. This method can prevent all the infection by removing all the adjacent vegetation. The lecturer rebuts this solution by arguing that this kind of method may cause serious ecological damage because some healthy plants will be eliminated accidentally. Besides, some valuable plants which is hard to grow again will be removed accidentally too.
In conclusion, all the points of view in the reading passage is doubted by the lecturer.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-09-25 | MA KUNG TING | 80 | view |
| 2023-08-10 | nusybah | 73 | view |
| 2023-07-12 | Zmx_6 | 83 | view |
| 2023-07-12 | Zmx_6 | 70 | view |
| 2023-01-17 | nikki07hung | 68 | view |
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 113, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...n protecting oak trees from infection of Phytophthora ramorum which is a kind of ...
^^
Line 1, column 162, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Although
...thora ramorum which is a kind of fungi. although those points of view for protecting oak...
^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 242, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ting oak trees seem to be convincing and eloquent., the lecturer argued the point...
^^
Line 3, column 67, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...entions that the action of human affects spreading of fungi and leads infectio...
^^^^
Line 3, column 99, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... affects spreading of fungi and leads infection of oak. To reduce the effects ...
^^^^
Line 3, column 417, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Elimination
...ream is the key cause of this threaten. elimination of human actions doesnt affect much and...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 446, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
... threaten. elimination of human actions doesnt affect much and doesnt help to control ...
^^^^^^
Line 3, column 469, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: doesn't
...of human actions doesnt affect much and doesnt help to control this disease. So the pa...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 110, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...emicals to remove fungi from oak trees. However the lecturer demonstrated that this kin...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 203, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ungicidal chemicals is only effective on early stage of the disease, which means ...
^^^^
Line 5, column 295, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ers need to inject chemicals once within few months. That is impractical. Theref...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
besides, but, first, however, lastly, may, second, secondly, so, therefore, for instance, in conclusion, kind of, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 44.0 30.3222958057 145% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1552.0 1373.03311258 113% => OK
No of words: 300.0 270.72406181 111% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17333333333 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.16179145029 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.71027673864 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 159.0 145.348785872 109% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.53 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 468.9 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 51.8722812686 49.2860985944 105% => OK
Chars per sentence: 91.2941176471 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.6470588235 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.41176470588 7.06452816374 105% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 11.0 4.19205298013 262% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.125816802786 0.272083759551 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0372459073131 0.0996497079465 37% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0671193409161 0.0662205650399 101% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0652861808847 0.162205337803 40% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0710686258444 0.0443174109184 160% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.7 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.41 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.9 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 84.0 63.6247240618 132% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.