An airship is a type of aircraft that flies using a very large balloon filled with a Iighter-than-air gas. Airships were an important means of air transportation before the 1940s but are little used today, having been largely replaced by airplanes and helicopters. However, some aeronautical engineers believe that airships could become popular again because they offer a number of advantages over airplanes and helicopters.
One advantage of airships is that for vertical lift (the force that keeps the ship airborne), they use a balloon that floats rather than an engine. Airplanes and helicopters use engines for both vertical lift and horizontal movement, but airships use engines solely for horizontal movement. So, airships use less fuel than a typical aircraft-thus making their fuel costs more economical.
Another advantage of airships is that they can be used in hard-to-reach locations. Unlike airplanes, airships do not require a long runway for takeoff and landing because of their ability to lift off and land vertically. The only other aircraft capable of ascending into the sky by going straight up and descending straight down to the ground is the helicopter, which can carry only a small amount of weight. Airships, meanwhile, are able to carry very heavy loads. As a result, airships could do jobs that neither airplanes nor helicopters can do, such as carrying heavy logs from forests to distribution centers.
Finally, airships could even be used to replace satellites. Currently, satellites are launched into Earth's orbit carrying all kinds of equipment important in telecommunications or in surveying large areas of Earth's surface for military purposes. Since airships can also rise high above the surface and stay there without refueling for a significant amount of time, they could provide services similar to those provided by satellites, and at a considerably cheaper cost.
According to the passage, airships can become popular again, considering their advantages over airplanes and helicopters. However, the lecturer opposes this idea and points out the problems of each piece of evidence given in the article.
First, the reading believes that fuel usage is less for airships than for airplanes and helicopters because airships only use engines for horizontal movement. Hence, it is concluded that the fuel cost is less for airships. This point has been refuted by the professor, who states that special gases are required for airships. One type of the gases is hydrogen, which is easy to catch fire and unsuitable for usage, whereas another gas is helium, which is more expensive and provides less lift force than the former gas.
Secondly, the author of the article claims that airships can be applied to reaching hard-to-reach locations thanks to their ability to descend and ascend vertically. Plus, airplanes are believed to carry more goods than helicopters with the same ability. In contrast, the professor argues using the example of carrying tree logs. He suggests that the airship needs to be very steady while loading, but a robust windy condition can make the situation difficult - the airship would shake and be damaged by the logs.
Thirdly, the passage contends that airships can replace satellites since they can rise high above Earth's surface and keep steady there for an extended period of time. But the lecturer rebuts that airships can only rise to 14 km above the ground, where there are strong winds. They have to use fuels to keep themselves steady in such a situation, which indicates that they would use up the energy quickly and need constant refuels. Thus, the professor says airships cannot serve military purposes since they cannot continuously stay in the air.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 152, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...e and keep steady there for an extended period of time. But the lecturer rebuts that airships ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, hence, however, if, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, thus, whereas, while, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 5.04856512141 218% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1533.0 1373.03311258 112% => OK
No of words: 298.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 5.14429530201 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15483772266 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.48633810255 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.604026845638 0.540411800872 112% => OK
syllable_count: 468.0 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 39.5716864355 49.2860985944 80% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.5 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.2857142857 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.35714285714 7.06452816374 104% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.197890559574 0.272083759551 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0598271833793 0.0996497079465 60% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0352338294758 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.102626247209 0.162205337803 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.033981889417 0.0443174109184 77% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.53 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.92 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 90.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 152, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...e and keep steady there for an extended period of time. But the lecturer rebuts that airships ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, hence, however, if, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, thus, whereas, while, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 5.04856512141 218% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1533.0 1373.03311258 112% => OK
No of words: 298.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 5.14429530201 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15483772266 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.48633810255 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.604026845638 0.540411800872 112% => OK
syllable_count: 468.0 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 39.5716864355 49.2860985944 80% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.5 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.2857142857 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.35714285714 7.06452816374 104% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.197890559574 0.272083759551 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0598271833793 0.0996497079465 60% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0352338294758 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.102626247209 0.162205337803 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.033981889417 0.0443174109184 77% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.53 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.92 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 90.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.