Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
In the reading passage, the author discusses three kinds of the reasons to illustrate that existing bees 200 million years ago is impossible, while the lecturer claims that what the reading passage states is not convincing and disputes those reasons presented in the reading passage by several proofs.
First, the reading passage states that there is no bee fossil remains dated to 200 million years ago and the oldest one was dated to the 100 million ago. Therefore, it is impossible bees exist before the 100 million years ago. By contrast, the lecturer opposes this view point by saying that bees fossils observed in the resin of the some trees besides this like of trees exhibit 115 million years age, so it is possible bees live before that.
Second, the writer makes point that todays bees need flower and flowering plants and the first flower in the world appears 125 year age. However, the speaker demonstrate a different idea that early bees was used some trees and after the first flower appears they adapting to feed flowers.
Third, the belief in the reading passage is that the fossilized structures found is lack of some of the finer details of the bees' nest, while the speaker views to this issue from an opposite angle. According to the speaker, chemical analysis shows the same water and chemical evidence. Consequently, this structure can be attributed to the bees.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-29 | nusybah | 78 | view |
| 2020-01-16 | 3dra | 66 | view |
| 2020-01-10 | Opak Pulup | 70 | view |
| 2019-12-10 | shrijan | 85 | view |
| 2019-12-03 | shatealabo1110 | 60 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 335, Rule ID: THE_SOME_DAY[1]
Message: Did you mean 'same'?
Suggestion: same
...es fossils observed in the resin of the some trees besides this like of trees exhibi...
^^^^
Line 7, column 93, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
... fossilized structures found is lack of some of the finer details of the bees nest, while t...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
besides, but, consequently, first, however, if, second, so, therefore, third, while
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1160.0 1373.03311258 84% => OK
No of words: 235.0 270.72406181 87% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.93617021277 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.91531732006 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.30948209778 2.5805825403 89% => OK
Unique words: 129.0 145.348785872 89% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.548936170213 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 345.6 419.366225166 82% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 72.9171693104 49.2860985944 148% => OK
Chars per sentence: 128.888888889 110.228320801 117% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.1111111111 21.698381199 120% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.22222222222 7.06452816374 131% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.307792510849 0.272083759551 113% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.127742934623 0.0996497079465 128% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0842115430911 0.0662205650399 127% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.165630775835 0.162205337803 102% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0974120532835 0.0443174109184 220% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.9 13.3589403974 112% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.55 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.67 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.29 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 50.0 63.6247240618 79% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.