At the end of the Triassic period 200 million years ago, there was a mass-extinction event that caused the extinction of more than half of all living species. It was this extinction event that allowed dinosaurs to become the dominant species for the next 145 million years. We do not know exactly what happened that eliminated so many species in a relatively short period of time, but there are several possible explanations. One theory involves the decline of sea levels. Near the end of the Triassic period, sea levels were fluctuating. When sea levels fall, the habitats for ocean populations that live in the shallows and land species that live on the coast are destroyed. The destruction of coastal and shallow-ocean species would have had a profound effect on food chains worldwide, leading to mass extinctions. Another theory involves massive climate cooling. The end of the Triassic period was marked by widespread volcanic activity. The volcanoes released large amounts of sulfur dioxide (S02). A rise in atmospheric S02 is known to cause a lowering in global temperatures. Such climate change could have devastated many species and led to the extinctions. The third theory involves an asteroid strike. Asteroids (objects from outer space) occasionally collide with Earth. When an asteroid hits Earth;s surface, it often displaces large amounts of soil and crushed rock, leaving behind a depression, or crater. The displaced debris is thrown up into the atmosphere where it can block out sunlight for many months or even a few years. A sufficiently massive asteroid impact at the end of the Triassic period may have blocked sunlight long enough for most plants to die and many animal species to then starve
The reading provide three hipothesizes in order to address the main reason of mass-extinction at the end of the Triassic priod. On the other hand, the professor refutes each author's gueses and says even though it may seem that author's theories are right, they are not convincing.
Initially, the passage possesses thay a huge reduction in sea levels caused tremendous extention of marin species in coastline habitats and affected foodchains. In contrast, the professor accounts this notion by saying that the sea level reduction was gradually and lasted a million years. Hence, marine species could adaptate themselves to new ocean conditions. She mentions that if sea level reduction was the main reason, it had to occure quickly.
Furthermore, the reading comes with the second theory that relates the massive extinction to climate cooling. The author claims that the volcanic activities brought about enormous sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere, which reduced global temperatures. On the contrary, the professor argues that the surfur dioxide did not last long priod in the atmosphere and came back to the Earth surface by rain-falls. So, no species would be affected by volcanic produtivity.
Finally, the reading says that the asteroid crash on land surface caused the extinction by producing dust in the air and blocking the sunlights. Nevertheless, the professor disagrees with that by saying that no discoveries of astroid remains have beenfound, unless one remained rocks which is dated to 12 million years before the huge extinction.
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- TOEFL T P O 28 Integrated Writing Task 61
Comments
Essay evaluation report
unless one remained rocks which is dated to 12 million years
unless one remained rocks which are dated back to 12 million years
Sentence: The reading provide three hipothesizes in order to address the main reason of mass-extinction at the end of the Triassic priod.
Error: hipothesizes Suggestion: hypothesizes
Error: priod Suggestion: period
Sentence: On the other hand, the professor refutes each author's gueses and says even though it may seem that author's theories are right, they are not convincing.
Error: gueses Suggestion: guess
Sentence: Initially, the passage possesses thay a huge reduction in sea levels caused tremendous extention of marin species in coastline habitats and affected foodchains.
Error: foodchains Suggestion: No alternate word
Error: marin Suggestion: main
Error: extention Suggestion: No alternate word
Error: thay Suggestion: than
Sentence: Hence, marine species could adaptate themselves to new ocean conditions.
Error: adaptate Suggestion: No alternate word
Sentence: She mentions that if sea level reduction was the main reason, it had to occure quickly.
Error: occure Suggestion: No alternate word
Sentence: On the contrary, the professor argues that the surfur dioxide did not last long priod in the atmosphere and came back to the Earth surface by rain-falls.
Error: rain-falls Suggestion: rainfall
Error: priod Suggestion: prior
Error: surfur Suggestion: suffer
Sentence: So, no species would be affected by volcanic produtivity.
Error: produtivity Suggestion: productivity
Sentence: Nevertheless, the professor disagrees with that by saying that no discoveries of astroid remains have beenfound, unless one remained rocks which is dated to 12 million years before the huge extinction.
Error: astroid Suggestion: No alternate word
Error: beenfound Suggestion: No alternate word
flaws:
No. of Spelling Errors: 14 2
Double check spelling errors.
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Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 24 in 30
Category: Good Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 1 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 14 2
No. of Sentences: 12 12
No. of Words: 243 250
No. of Characters: 1273 1200
No. of Different Words: 150 150
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 3.948 4.2
Average Word Length: 5.239 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.694 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 102 80
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 79 60
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 53 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 35 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 20.25 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 6.366 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.75 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.337 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.587 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.044 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 4 4
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 13, Rule ID: MASS_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Possible agreement error - use third-person verb forms for singular and mass nouns: 'provides'.
Suggestion: provides
The reading provide three hipothesizes in order to address ...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, furthermore, hence, if, may, nevertheless, second, so, in contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 6.0 10.4613686534 57% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1308.0 1373.03311258 95% => OK
No of words: 243.0 270.72406181 90% => OK
Chars per words: 5.38271604938 5.08290768461 106% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.94822203886 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.81091347571 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 152.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.625514403292 0.540411800872 116% => OK
syllable_count: 385.2 419.366225166 92% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Interrogative: 0.0 0.116997792494 0% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 38.8117787104 49.2860985944 79% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.0 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.25 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.25 7.06452816374 131% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.150968617141 0.272083759551 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0516836719649 0.0996497079465 52% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0496207947241 0.0662205650399 75% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0819147831811 0.162205337803 51% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0225517149617 0.0443174109184 51% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.0 13.3589403974 105% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.92 12.2367328918 114% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.44 8.42419426049 112% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 90.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.