Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The article and the author are both about dinosaurs are endotherms or not. The author of reading feels that dinosaurs were endotherms given by evidences. The lecturer challenges the claims made by the author. The lecturer thinks that dinosaurs were not endotherms.
First of all, the author argues that dinosaurs’ fossils have been discovered in polar region. The article is mentioned that these animals can maintain temperature could be active in various surrounding temperature. This point is challenged by the lecturer. He claims dinosaurs were live in cold climate. Furthermore, he says they migrate polar region to other places while change the cold climate.
Secondly, the author suggests that dinosaur has connection in the between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. Its notes that underneath leg is in modern endotherms. The lecturer debuts this argument. He suggests underneath leg help keep high energy for while running. He elaborates on this by mentioning that its help for maintain large body weight.
Finally, the author states that there are connection between endothermy and bone structure. Moreover, It says that haversian canals in bones indicate the dinosaurs’ fossils. In contrast, the lecturer’s position is that these canals in bone is grow rapidly according to climate. He says that this is evidence for showing dinosaurs are not under the endotherm.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 155, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...urs were endotherms given by evidences. The lecturer challenges the claims made by ...
^^^
Line 1, column 210, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...allenges the claims made by the author. The lecturer thinks that dinosaurs were not...
^^^
Line 9, column 369, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ts help for maintain large body weight. Finally, the author states that there ar...
^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 196, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...inosaurs' fossils. In contrast, the lecturer's position is that these c...
^^
Line 13, column 255, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'grown'.
Suggestion: grown
...osition is that these canals in bone is grow rapidly according to climate. He says t...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, furthermore, moreover, second, secondly, while, in contrast, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 26.0 22.412803532 116% => OK
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1207.0 1373.03311258 88% => OK
No of words: 219.0 270.72406181 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.51141552511 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.84690116678 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.89952540173 2.5805825403 112% => OK
Unique words: 119.0 145.348785872 82% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.543378995434 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 367.2 419.366225166 88% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 12.0 21.2450331126 56% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 25.9591321737 49.2860985944 53% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 67.0555555556 110.228320801 61% => OK
Words per sentence: 12.1666666667 21.698381199 56% => More words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 5.22222222222 7.06452816374 74% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 11.0 4.27373068433 257% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.152492818966 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0481615895216 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0434997956603 0.0662205650399 66% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0904565433004 0.162205337803 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0151788535863 0.0443174109184 34% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.6 13.3589403974 79% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 50.84 53.8541721854 94% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.2 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.79 12.2367328918 113% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.56 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 60.0 63.6247240618 94% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.0 10.7273730684 47% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 6.8 10.498013245 65% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 20.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.