Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they challenge the specific points made in the reading passage.
The author and the lecturer dissent on the topic whether the dinosaurs were endotherms or not. The author asserts that dinosaurs were endotherms. However, the lecturer rebuts the assertions of the author and thoroughly provides the reasons why dinosaurs were endotherms.
Firstly, the author claims that the fossils of dinosaurs were recovered from the polar region. He further adds, any other species who aren't endotherms aren't able to survive on gelid environment of polar region. However, the lecturer refutes this claim of the author by stating that the recent studies concluded that the polar regions in the past were warmer than they are today for non-endotherms to survive. Moreover, during the winter period when temperature falls down extremely, the dinosaur could have migrated to some other places.
Secondly, the author believes that the leg position and movement of the dinosaur is a strong indicator that they were endotherms. He puts forward the idea that endotherms have the legs beneath their body unlike other non-endotherms who has legs on side and the position of legs helps them in movement. The lecturer opposes this claim by stating that the position of legs isn't primarily associated with endothermic property of an animal. He further adds, the position of legs could be associated to the huge body of the dinosaurs, to add the gigantic animal in locomotion.
Lastly, the author posits that the presence of Haversian Canal in the fossilized bone of dinosaurs. Furthermore, Haversian Canal is believed to aid on the rapid growth of the endothermic animals. In contrast, the lecturer is of the opinion that the presence of growth rings in bones of dinosaurs otherwise. He further adds, the presence of growth rings is prominent in non-endotherms. Growth rings form because of unequal growth rate in successive hot and cold environment. Growth ring isn't found in endotherms because they grow in equal rate in both hot and cold period.
To conclude, the author and the lecturer have a contrasting opinion whether the dinosaur were endotherms or not. It is certain that they'll have a hard time finding a common ground to this issue.
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- In many organizations perhaps the best way to approach certain new projects is to assemble a group of people into a team Having a team of people attack a project offers several advantages First of all a group of people has a wider range of knowledge exper 3
- TOEFL T P O 2 Integrated Writing Task 37
- Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant For instance humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37 C no matter whether the environment is warm or cold Because dinosaurs were rep 73
- The following is part of a memorandum from the president of Humana University Last year the number of students who enrolled in online degree programs offered by nearby Omni University increased by 50 percent During the same year Omni showed a significant 58
- In the United States employees typically work five days a week for eight hours each day However many employees want to work a four day week and are willing to accept less pay inorder to do so A mandatory policy requiring companies to offer their employees 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 134, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: aren't
... He further adds, any other species who arent endotherms arent able to survive on gel...
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Line 2, column 151, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: aren't
... any other species who arent endotherms arent able to survive on gelid environment of...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 372, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: isn't
...im by stating that the position of legs isnt primarily associated with endothermic p...
^^^^
Line 4, column 487, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: isn't
...e hot and cold environment. Growth ring isnt found in endotherms because they grow i...
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Line 5, column 132, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: they'll
...e endotherms or not. It is certain that theyll have a hard time finding a common groun...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, furthermore, however, lastly, moreover, second, secondly, so, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 49.0 30.3222958057 162% => OK
Nominalization: 12.0 5.01324503311 239% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1807.0 1373.03311258 132% => OK
No of words: 351.0 270.72406181 130% => OK
Chars per words: 5.14814814815 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.32839392791 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.73365349333 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.461538461538 0.540411800872 85% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 557.1 419.366225166 133% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 13.0 8.23620309051 158% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 32.6971327959 49.2860985944 66% => OK
Chars per sentence: 95.1052631579 110.228320801 86% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.4736842105 21.698381199 85% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.94736842105 7.06452816374 70% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 4.45695364238 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.196156897532 0.272083759551 72% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0664651416982 0.0996497079465 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0446245774609 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.109541544766 0.162205337803 68% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.019889754346 0.0443174109184 45% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.1 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.59 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.17 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 81.0 63.6247240618 127% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.