Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading and the lecture are both about whether dinosaurs are endotherms. The author of the reading presents three theories about there is more specific evidence that dinosaurs were endotherms. The lecturer disputes the claims made in the article. His position is that many scientists don't think those arguments prove that dinosaurs were endotherms.
According to the reading, the polar region fossil record is important evidence that dinosaurs were endotherms. The article mentions that animals could survive, which maintains their body temperatures in such cold climates. The lecturer challenges this specific argument. She claims that when dinosaurs lived polar regions, where dinosaur fossils have been found, were much warmer than today. Additionally, he points out that during the months the polar regions were cold, the polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer areas or hibernated.
Secondly, the author suggests that leg position and movement is an important role in whether animals are endothermy. In the article, it is said that like all modern endotherms, dinosaur's legs are underneath in their body, which allows efficient running. The lecturer, however, asserts that dinosaurs have their legs placed under their bodies don’t necessarily mean high-energy endotherms built for runnings. He goes on to say that there is another explanation for having legs under the body. This body structure supports more weight and therefore with the legs under their bodies, dinosaurs can grow a very large size.
Finally, the author posits that there is a link between endothermy and bone structure. The author contends that most of the endotherms’ bones contain Haversian canals, which allow the living animals to grow faster and these canals show that the animal is an endotherm. In contrast, the lecturer’s stance is the dinosaurs have growth rings, which indicates periods of time when dinosaurs weren’t rapidly growing. He notes that these growth rings are evidence that dinosaurs stopped growing or grew more slowly during cooler periods.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 198, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...vidence that dinosaurs were endotherms. The lecturer disputes the claims made in th...
^^^
Line 1, column 289, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...e. His position is that many scientists dont think those arguments prove that dinosa...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, however, if, second, secondly, therefore, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 23.0 12.0772626932 190% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 26.0 30.3222958057 86% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1746.0 1373.03311258 127% => OK
No of words: 317.0 270.72406181 117% => OK
Chars per words: 5.50788643533 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21953715646 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56594696556 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 181.0 145.348785872 125% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.570977917981 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 522.9 419.366225166 125% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.2056687959 49.2860985944 69% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.0 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.6111111111 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.44444444444 7.06452816374 49% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.223152434406 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0673919737301 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0589130775077 0.0662205650399 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.125351445619 0.162205337803 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0352998595943 0.0443174109184 80% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.3 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.38 12.2367328918 118% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.86 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 88.0 63.6247240618 138% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 198, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...vidence that dinosaurs were endotherms. The lecturer disputes the claims made in th...
^^^
Line 1, column 289, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...e. His position is that many scientists dont think those arguments prove that dinosa...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, however, if, second, secondly, therefore, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 23.0 12.0772626932 190% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 26.0 30.3222958057 86% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1746.0 1373.03311258 127% => OK
No of words: 317.0 270.72406181 117% => OK
Chars per words: 5.50788643533 5.08290768461 108% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.21953715646 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56594696556 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 181.0 145.348785872 125% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.570977917981 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 522.9 419.366225166 125% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.2056687959 49.2860985944 69% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.0 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.6111111111 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.44444444444 7.06452816374 49% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.223152434406 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0673919737301 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0589130775077 0.0662205650399 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.125351445619 0.162205337803 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0352998595943 0.0443174109184 80% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.3 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.38 12.2367328918 118% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.86 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 88.0 63.6247240618 138% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.