Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus’ surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The lecturer challenges the topic proposed in the reading that conditions on venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible. And he thinks that it is possible that constructing a station floating at atmosphere instead of at venus' surface, which would solve those problems.
First, the passage mentions that atmosphere pressure at venus's surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth's surface. However, the professor points out a physical rule that higher atmosphere would have lower pressure. so the pressure at 50 kilometers high at the atmosphere on venus is approximately equivalent to the pressure at Earth's surface. Thus, there is no danger to be crushed.
Second, the essay indicates that there are no reservoirs of water on venus' surface and the planet's atmosphere contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. But the lecturer supports that there are some compounds in venus' atmosphere such as carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid, which could be used as chemical materials to produce oxygen and water. Hence, there is no need to import oxygen and water.
Third, the article supposes that very little sunlight reaches the planet's surface. Nevertheless, the professor argues that the clouds above the venus' surface is not thick that there are still some sunlight can penetrate the clouds. Plus, the station could collect both reflected sunlight by clouds and sunlight directly reachs down and utilize them to power the station. Consequently, sunlight could be used by the station.
- The following appeared in a health magazine."The citizens of Forsythe have adopted more healthful lifestyles. Their responses to a recent survey show that in their eating habits they conform more closely to government nutritional recommendations than they 42
- TPO 31 A fossil skeleton of a dinosaur called Sinosauropteryx, preserved in volcanic ash, was discovered in Liaoning, China, in 1996. Interestingly, the fossil included a pattern of fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones. Some paleontologists interpret 88
- TPO 48 In recent years, many frog species around the world have declined in numbers or even gone extinct due to changes in their environment. These population declines and extinctions have serious consequences for the ecosystems in which frogs live; for e 80
- The Salton Sea in California is actually a salty inland lake. The level of salt in the lake's water—what scientists call its salinity—has been increasing steadily for years because the lake's water is evaporating faster than it is being repl 80
- Claim: Imagination is a more valuable asset than experience. Reason: People who lack experience are free to imagine what is possible without the constraints of established habits and attitudes. 83
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 238, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...r atmosphere would have lower pressure. so the pressure at 50 kilometers high at t...
^^
Line 5, column 92, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'planets'' or 'planet's'?
Suggestion: planets'; planet's
...voirs of water on venus surface and the planets atmosphere contains hardly any oxygen o...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 111, Rule ID: ADVERB_WORD_ORDER[9]
Message: The adverb 'hardly' is usually put before the verb 'contains'.
Suggestion: hardly contains
...enus surface and the planets atmosphere contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. But the lect...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, consequently, first, hence, however, nevertheless, second, so, still, third, thus, at least, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1307.0 1373.03311258 95% => OK
No of words: 249.0 270.72406181 92% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.24899598394 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.97237131171 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66896402709 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.542168674699 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 405.9 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.8992373236 49.2860985944 95% => OK
Chars per sentence: 100.538461538 110.228320801 91% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.1538461538 21.698381199 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.07692307692 7.06452816374 114% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 4.45695364238 202% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.223574199482 0.272083759551 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0828619338728 0.0996497079465 83% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.126980115719 0.0662205650399 192% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.148727719007 0.162205337803 92% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.150109525338 0.0443174109184 339% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.17 12.2367328918 108% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.7 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 65.0 63.6247240618 102% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.