ProfessorThe evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong. The arguments of the critics are unconvincing.First, it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dinosaur's skin, because we don't see any such decomposition in the fossils of other animals buried at the same site. In fact, the fossils of many other animals buried at the site show evidence that their functional skin structures have been beautifully preserved in volcanic ash. The well-preserved condition of the other fossils makes it likely that the Sinosauropteryx's lines are also well-preserved functional structures, possibly feathers, and that they are not fibers caused by decomposition.Second, the idea that the lines represent frills… well, there is an important chemical difference between feathers and frills. Feathers contain a great deal of protein called Beta-keratin. Frills, on the other hand, do not contain beta-keratin. Our chemical analyses suggest that the Sinosauropteryx structures did contain beta-keratin. So that indicates that the structures were feathers, not frills.Third, feathers can be used for other functions than flight and thermoregulation. Think of a bird, like peacock, for example. The peacock has long, colorful feathers in its tail. And it displays its tail in order to attract a mate. That's a distinct function of feathers called the display function. Recently, we have been able to do analyses on the Sinosauropteryx structures that show us that the structures were colorful. They were orange and white. The fact they were colorful strongly supports the idea that they were feathers that this dinosaur use for display.
According to the reading passage, a fossil skeleton has been found in China, called Sinosauropteryx, which had been preserved in volcanic ash. Scientists assume that this dinosaur, because of a pattern of fine line surrounding the skeletal bones, was a feathered dinosaur, but some of the scientists criticize this theory. However, the speaker finds all the ideas are not convincing and brings some evidence to refute them all.
First, the fine lines may not have a functional structures and form after the animal's death in volcanic ash. Additionally, their decomposed skin might cause the producing the fibers. In contrast, the professor states that we have not found any decomposed skin remains of other animals in the same site. Also, it has been shown that the volcanic ash could preserve the remains of these animals, and then these fibers could be considered as feathers.
Second, scientists assert that fibers may be frills, ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of some parts of dinosaur's body. On the contrary, the speaker underlies that there are some apparent differences between frill and feathers especially in chemical structures and feathers consist of a special type of proteins, called beta-keratin. Also, beta-keratin has been found in these fibers by analyzing the fossil.
Finally, it has been pointed that the structure of fibers is quite useless for flight and thermoregulating by this type of dinosaur, located along the backbone and the tail of the animal. However, the professor dismisses the idea and brings up the fact that feathers always are not used for flight or thermoregulating, for instances some birds like female peacocks have got colorful feathers in their tail to attract male peacocks for mating. The analyzing of the fossil showed that this dinosaur had orange and white feathers which might be used for showing up.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-10-25 | f.jafary66@gmail.com | 80 | view |
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- ProfessorThe evidence that the lines in the Sinosauropteryx fossil represent feathers is very strong The arguments of the critics are unconvincing First it is unlikely that the lines are a result of the decomposition of the dinosaur s skin because we don 80
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 278, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...al bones, was a feathered dinosaur, but some of the scientists criticize this theory. Howev...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 79, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'animals'' or 'animal's'?
Suggestion: animals'; animal's
...unctional structures and form after the animals death in volcanic ash. Additionally, th...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, may, second, so, then, for instance, in contrast, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1573.0 1373.03311258 115% => OK
No of words: 299.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 5.26086956522 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.1583189471 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.80553170616 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.541806020067 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 482.4 419.366225166 115% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 51.2722170058 49.2860985944 104% => OK
Chars per sentence: 121.0 110.228320801 110% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.0 21.698381199 106% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.07692307692 7.06452816374 114% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.154540973639 0.272083759551 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0529563294591 0.0996497079465 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0416746823297 0.0662205650399 63% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0910417701323 0.162205337803 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.041114090256 0.0443174109184 93% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.8 13.3589403974 111% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 48.13 53.8541721854 89% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.52 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.16 8.42419426049 109% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.