pterosaurs
The reading suggests that pterosaurs were not capable of powered flight. However, the lecture cast doubts on the reading's points.
First, the article indicates that as a cold-blooded animal with slow metabolism, pterosaurs could not provide the energy needed for powered flight. The lecture disputes it by saying that pterosaurs were likely to be warm-blooded since they had a dense hair-like covering over their body. Such a feature similar to fur is typical of warm-blooded animals, which helps them to maintain high body temperature in cold external conditions. Therefore, pterosaurs might have had a faster metabolism than expected to provide enough energy for powered flight.
Second, the writer believes that pterosaurs were too heavy to fly. In fact, pterosaurs had several anatomical features to keep their weight unusually lower than other animals in the same size. For example, they had hollowed bones, instead of solid, so that their weights would probably be low enough to keep them airborne by flapping their wings.
Third, the article asserts that large pterosaurs could not take off from the ground like birds since their back leg muscles were too small and weak. However, the lecture claims that pterosaurs may be different from birds in the way of taking off. Birds walk on only two limbs, while pterosaurs walked on four, which would make up for their weak back leg muscles. Indeed, there are modern flying animals with four limbs, such as bats, that can use all their limbs to push themselves off the ground. Thus, pterosaurs might have been able to take off by running fast enough or jump high enough similarly.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, if, may, second, similarly, so, therefore, third, thus, while, for example, in fact, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 5.04856512141 158% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1409.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 265.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.31698113208 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03470204552 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.00341801252 2.5805825403 116% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.611320754717 0.540411800872 113% => OK
syllable_count: 403.2 419.366225166 96% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 63.2533930753 49.2860985944 128% => OK
Chars per sentence: 128.090909091 110.228320801 116% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.0909090909 21.698381199 111% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.81818181818 7.06452816374 139% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.315797500542 0.272083759551 116% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.151709614207 0.0996497079465 152% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0890150461908 0.0662205650399 134% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.203761430071 0.162205337803 126% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0279213950796 0.0443174109184 63% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.7 13.3589403974 118% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.87 12.2367328918 113% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.1 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 90.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.