Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The lecture and reading both discuss the pterosaurus which is the old group of winged reptiles lived at the same time with dinosaurs. While the reading states that they could not fly, the lecturer refutes this by saying that they are able to fly.
First of all, the reading claims that pterosaurus were cold-blooded animals. The lecture counters this point by stating that it is based on their metabolism. Furthermore, the lecture states that they have covered themselves with something as same as fur. Therefore, the professor thinks that they are warm-blooded animals, because only warm blooded animals have such a fur in order to maintain their body warm.
Also, the passage makes the argument that it should have a weight requirement to flight. However, the lecture opposes this concept by pointing out that pterosaurus have an unique anatomical structure. Moreover, she says that they have halo bones despite their big bodies.Thus, she believes that they were able to fly by flapping their wings.
Finally, the reading passage argues that all animals which can flight have an ability to taking off from the ground. Nevertheless, the lecturer refutes this concept by saying that birds and pterosaurs are different from each other. Additionally, she provides with an example of research. The research shows us that birds only walking on their high lims in order to walk on ground. However, the pterosaurs are use their all four lims to pushing off of the ground.
All in all, the lecture and passage is both about the pterosaurs. While the reading makes a hypothesis, lecture is opposes this by giving some examples and details.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-02-25 | The_I | 78 | view |
| 2019-08-07 | sahin1 | 73 | view |
| 2018-12-08 | Jack Liao | 76 | view |
| 2019-03-27 | persepolistmm | 85 | view |
| 2023-09-06 | joeyrussell007 | 73 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 270, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...something as same as fur. Therefore, the professor thinks that they are warm-bloo...
^^
Line 3, column 170, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...t by pointing out that pterosaurus have an unique anatomical structure. Moreover, ...
^^
Line 3, column 272, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Thus
...ave halo bones despite their big bodies.Thus, she believes that they were able to fl...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, moreover, nevertheless, so, therefore, thus, while, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 37.0 22.412803532 165% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1366.0 1373.03311258 99% => OK
No of words: 270.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.05925925926 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05360046442 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56165669987 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 141.0 145.348785872 97% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.522222222222 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 412.2 419.366225166 98% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 13.0 8.23620309051 158% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 26.6299144525 49.2860985944 54% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 85.375 110.228320801 77% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.875 21.698381199 78% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.0 7.06452816374 99% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 12.0 4.27373068433 281% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.121102137006 0.272083759551 45% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0419846921585 0.0996497079465 42% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0354828283176 0.0662205650399 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0643320179385 0.162205337803 40% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0264784804998 0.0443174109184 60% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.8 13.3589403974 81% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.77 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.11 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.