The professor contends that pterosaurs were capable of powered flight, rejecting all the three arguments giving in the reading respectively.
First of all, pterosaurs fossils indicate that they had a dense hair-like covering, which is typical of warm-blooded animals because those animals need to keep a high body temperature when external conditions are cold. So metabolism of pterosaurs was like that of warm-blooded animals and faster than the reading suggests, it could supply the energy needed for powered flight. In this way, the reading’s first argument about cold-blooded animals and without enough energy is refuted.
Secondly, the professor says that pterosaurs were unusually light for their size. For example, the bones of pterosaurs were hollow instead of solid, which kept their weight low despite their large body size. It is very likely that their weight was low enough keep themselves airborne by flapping their wings. This again opposes the reading’s idea that pterosaurs were too heavy to use powered flight.
Finally, about the problem of taking off from the ground mentioned in the reading, the professor points out that there ware difference between birds and pterosaurs. Birds only use legs for walking on the ground, which means they only have two limbs to push off from when they launch while pterosaurs walked on their all four limbs on the ground. There are modern flying animals which walk on all four limbs and use all four limbs to push off the ground not only the back ones. Researches show that even the largest pterosaurs could use their four limbs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch into the air.
- TPO 54. The Salton Sea in California is actually a salty inland lake. The level of salt in the lake's water—what scientists call its salinity—has been increasing steadily for years because the lake's water is evaporating faster than it is being repla 90
- Humans have long been fascinated by elephants, the largest land animal in the modern world. Social animals that live in herds, elephants are native to both Africa and Asia. Their large ears, long trunk, and long life span have made elephants one of the mo 80
- Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were cap 76
- Many countries require cigarette smokers to pay particularly high taxes on their purchases of cigarettes; similar taxes are being considered for unhealthy foods. The policy of imposing high taxes on cigarettes and other unhealthy products has a number of 85
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, if, second, secondly, so, while, for example, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1393.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 271.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.14022140221 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.51600451652 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.538745387454 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 405.9 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 37.1961766255 49.2860985944 75% => OK
Chars per sentence: 116.083333333 110.228320801 105% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5833333333 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.16666666667 7.06452816374 87% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.151664025119 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0690615753036 0.0996497079465 69% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0619343060384 0.0662205650399 94% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.106556229332 0.162205337803 66% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0644936085837 0.0443174109184 146% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.1 13.3589403974 106% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.83 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.58 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 49.0 63.6247240618 77% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.