Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
In the reading passage, the writer claims that pterosaurs can not fly. The professor in the lecture, however, contradicts this view for the following three reasons. To begin with, according to the reading passages, pterosaurs are cold-blooded, which have a slower metabolism. they do not have enough energy to support them doing powered flight. however, the professor in the lecture argues that, scientist had found hair like fur on pterosaurs' fossils. fur mostly appear on warm-blooded animals, which can produce enough energy to support pterosaurs flying. On top of that, the reading passage describes how pterosaurs have large wings and bodes, which are too heavy for them to use their wings flapping to fly. On the contrary, the speaker states that in the fossils they had found, pterosaurs had empty bones that made pterosaurs' weight light low enough to fly using their wings. Lastly, the professor rebuts the reading's point that pterosaurs can not fly because their legs are too weak for jumping or running off to start flying like what birds do, by stating that pterosaurs didn't have to start using two legs, they have four legs to push-off the ground to start flying.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 277, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: They
...looded, which have a slower metabolism. they do not have enough energy to support th...
^^^^
Line 1, column 346, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
...y to support them doing powered flight. however, the professor in the lecture argues th...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 454, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Fur
...nd hair like fur on pterosaurs fossils. fur mostly appear on warm-blooded animals, ...
^^^
Line 1, column 1081, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...at birds do, by stating that pterosaurs didnt have to start using two legs, they have...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, however, lastly, so, on the contrary, to begin with, on top of that
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 3.0 10.4613686534 29% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 983.0 1373.03311258 72% => OK
No of words: 195.0 270.72406181 72% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.04102564103 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.73687570622 4.04702891845 92% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.44510540344 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 111.0 145.348785872 76% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.569230769231 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 278.1 419.366225166 66% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 65.8584340334 49.2860985944 134% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.222222222 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.6666666667 21.698381199 100% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.0 7.06452816374 113% => OK
Paragraphs: 1.0 4.09492273731 24% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.175583025877 0.272083759551 65% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.077889764527 0.0996497079465 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0435169841375 0.0662205650399 66% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.175583025877 0.162205337803 108% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0 0.0443174109184 0% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 67.08 53.8541721854 125% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.95 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.76 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 38.0 63.6247240618 60% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Minimum four paragraphs wanted. The correct pattern:
para 1: introduction
para 2: doubt 1
para 3: doubt 2
para 4: doubt 3
Less contents wanted from the reading passages(25%), more content wanted from the lecture (75%).
Don't need a conclusion paragraph.
Read sample essays from ETS:
http://www.testbig.com/users/toeflwritingmaster
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.