Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight. Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly. Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time. Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
In the reading passage, the author discuses three kids of the reasons which shows that the Pterosaurs couldn't fly, while the lecturer claims that based on the new research the reading passage is not convincing and refutes those reasons stated in the reading passage by several proofs.
First, the belief in the reading passage is that because the modern reptiles are cold-blooded, the Pterosaurs must have been cold-blooded. therefore, they couldn't have flown, since they couldn't produce lots of energy to fly. By contrast, the speaker demonstrates a different ideas. According with the speaker, base on the new research Pterosaurs bodes had dense hair like fur which is seen in the warm-blooded animals.
Second, the reading passage argues that Pterosaurs weight were too much to fly, while the lecturer refutes this claim by saying that because of their hollow bone structures base on the anatomic studies, Pterosaurs would have had a light weight.
Third, the writer states that Pterosaurs back legs muscles were too weak that enable the animal to fly. however, the lecturers views to this issue is from an opposite angle. According to the lecturer, the Pterosaurs weren't like birds. they used all four legs. therefore, those animals can push or jump enough to fly.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 103, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...reasons which shows that the Pterosaurs couldnt fly, while the lecturer claims that bas...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 140, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Therefore
...Pterosaurs must have been cold-blooded. therefore, they couldnt have flown, since they co...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 156, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...have been cold-blooded. therefore, they couldnt have flown, since they couldnt produce ...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 187, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...re, they couldnt have flown, since they couldnt produce lots of energy to fly. By contr...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 276, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'idea'?
Suggestion: idea
...t, the speaker demonstrates a different ideas. According with the speaker, base on th...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 232, Rule ID: LIGHT_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'lightweight'?
Suggestion: lightweight
...ic studies, Pterosaurs would have had a light weight. Third, the writer states that Ptero...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 105, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: However
...too weak that enable the animal to fly. however, the lecturers views to this issue is f...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 217, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: weren't
...cording to the lecturer, the Pterosaurs werent like birds. they used all four legs. th...
^^^^^^
Line 7, column 236, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: They
...urer, the Pterosaurs werent like birds. they used all four legs. therefore, those an...
^^^^
Line 7, column 261, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Therefore
...nt like birds. they used all four legs. therefore, those animals can push or jump enough ...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, if, second, so, therefore, third, while
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 2.0 7.30242825607 27% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1077.0 1373.03311258 78% => OK
No of words: 207.0 270.72406181 76% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.20289855072 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.79308509922 4.04702891845 94% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.48786173182 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 121.0 145.348785872 83% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.584541062802 0.540411800872 108% => OK
syllable_count: 311.4 419.366225166 74% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 78.3876782356 49.2860985944 159% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.9090909091 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.8181818182 21.698381199 87% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.0 7.06452816374 71% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 10.0 4.19205298013 239% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.1666777644 0.272083759551 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0589763630713 0.0996497079465 59% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0542853865588 0.0662205650399 82% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.104563063463 0.162205337803 64% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.041764834806 0.0443174109184 94% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.5 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.88 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.81 8.42419426049 93% => OK
difficult_words: 43.0 63.6247240618 68% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.