Question: Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they respond to the specific concerns presented in the reading passage.
Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face.One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible.A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems.Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth’s magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The speaker and the author hold divergent attitude towards the three problems when sending astronomers to the Mars. The author puts forward that astronomers may face the lack of water, food and oxygen when traveling to the Mars, also the zero-gravity environment may have huge negative effects on their bodies, and they will be exposed to the space radiation. However, the professor presents possible solutions to these three problems.
First, it is said in the reading material that because the trip to the Mars will last two years, the space vehicle may do not have enough space for food, water and oxygen. To rebut this idea, the lecture suggests that astronomers can rely on hydroponics to survive. Hydroponics are plants that grow in water rather than in soil, which can only make up little space. Also, the plants can recycle waste water and thus astronomers can collect them as drinking water, and as plants, they can release oxygen that help astronomers to survive. Thus, the assumption of the author is severely weakened.
Second, even though the reading passage proposes that spending a long time in zero-gravity environment has negative effects on human body, including decreased muscle mass and lower bone density, the professor maintains that we have already launched many spacecrafts into the space and we have developed many techniques to adapt to the harsh environment, like regular exercising. By doing this, astronomers can obtain more minerals and thus slow the decrease of bone density.
Third, the author of the reading indicates that the trip to the Mars will expose the astronomers to dangerous levels of space radiation, and shield that can protect the whole spaceship from the radiation is impossible now. On the contrary, the lecturer contends that astronomers are not exposed to dangerous level of outer radiation all the time but occasionally. Normally, they just do their normal businesses, but when the level of radiation increases, they can stay in the sheltered area where there is shelter made of special instrument to protect them from radiation.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-08-18 | YIngxin Zhang | 3 | view |
| 2020-03-23 | Harperchan1997 | 3 | view |
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, may, second, so, third, thus, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 14.0 5.04856512141 277% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1752.0 1373.03311258 128% => OK
No of words: 338.0 270.72406181 125% => OK
Chars per words: 5.18343195266 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.28774723029 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.64608874601 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 186.0 145.348785872 128% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.550295857988 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 541.8 419.366225166 129% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 84.8825851069 49.2860985944 172% => OK
Chars per sentence: 134.769230769 110.228320801 122% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.0 21.698381199 120% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.53846153846 7.06452816374 78% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0865235119803 0.272083759551 32% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0316860551146 0.0996497079465 32% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0221758604755 0.0662205650399 33% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0525573470721 0.162205337803 32% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0152072932133 0.0443174109184 34% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.0 13.3589403974 120% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 45.09 53.8541721854 84% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 13.4 11.0289183223 121% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.06 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.8 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.