Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth’s magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The passage and the lecturer both talk about the problems we might face while sending humans to Mars. The passage argues that it is not wise to send humans to Mars as we will face array of problems, while the lecturer highlights the ways we could circumvent the problems mentioned in the passage.
Firstly, according to the reading passage, the round trip from Mars to Earth will take 2 years, and the cargo capacity is not large enough to store adequate amount of food, water and oxygen, that would be required by the crew for 2 years. However, the lecturer thinks that astronauts can use a technique called Hydroponic that is to grow plant's root in water. It will take less space and can also recycle used water so that there is a constant supply of water. Since the plants will also produce oxygen they will also have a constant supply of fresh air.
Secondly, the author mentions the negative impacts zero gravity will have on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and low bone density. However, the lecturer challenges this argument by stating that the astronauts can employ certain techniques, such as regular exercise and vitamin pills to prevent negative impacts. Regular exercise will help prevent decreased muscle mass and vitamin pills will prevent from low bone density.
Thirdly, the author puts forth the idea that it is impossible to construct a shield that will protect the spacecraft from harmful radiations present in space as it would add much weight to the spacecraft. However, the lecturer disputes this argument by mentioning that these radiations are occassionally dangerous and we can use special equipment to monitor these radiations. Furthermore, we can create a small shield so whenever we detect the harmful radiations astronaut can go into the shield and rest of the time they can be in the unshielded area.
In conclusion, both the lecturer and the author presents their view on the problems we might face, but the lecturer challenges every argument presented by the reading passage.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 284, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ver, the lecturer thinks that astronauts can use a technique called Hydroponic th...
^^
Line 3, column 463, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Since” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...at there is a constant supply of water. Since the plants will also produce oxygen the...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 453, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'radiations'' or 'radiation's'?
Suggestion: radiations'; radiation's
...hield so whenever we detect the harmful radiations astronaut can go into the shield and re...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, firstly, furthermore, however, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, while, in conclusion, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 21.0 5.04856512141 416% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 27.0 22.412803532 120% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1696.0 1373.03311258 124% => OK
No of words: 340.0 270.72406181 126% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98823529412 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.29407602571 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.51031780891 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 170.0 145.348785872 117% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.5 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 513.9 419.366225166 123% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 44.3610789481 49.2860985944 90% => OK
Chars per sentence: 130.461538462 110.228320801 118% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.1538461538 21.698381199 121% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.92307692308 7.06452816374 126% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0636609680938 0.272083759551 23% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0249602079966 0.0996497079465 25% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0271683680748 0.0662205650399 41% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0345172460586 0.162205337803 21% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0270514936557 0.0443174109184 61% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.1 13.3589403974 113% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.55 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.96 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.36 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 284, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...ver, the lecturer thinks that astronauts can use a technique called Hydroponic th...
^^
Line 3, column 463, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “Since” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
...at there is a constant supply of water. Since the plants will also produce oxygen the...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 453, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'radiations'' or 'radiation's'?
Suggestion: radiations'; radiation's
...hield so whenever we detect the harmful radiations astronaut can go into the shield and re...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, firstly, furthermore, however, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, while, in conclusion, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 21.0 5.04856512141 416% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 27.0 22.412803532 120% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1696.0 1373.03311258 124% => OK
No of words: 340.0 270.72406181 126% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98823529412 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.29407602571 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.51031780891 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 170.0 145.348785872 117% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.5 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 513.9 419.366225166 123% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 44.3610789481 49.2860985944 90% => OK
Chars per sentence: 130.461538462 110.228320801 118% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.1538461538 21.698381199 121% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.92307692308 7.06452816374 126% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0636609680938 0.272083759551 23% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0249602079966 0.0996497079465 25% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0271683680748 0.0662205650399 41% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0345172460586 0.162205337803 21% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0270514936557 0.0443174109184 61% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.1 13.3589403974 113% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.55 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.96 12.2367328918 98% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.36 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.