Scientists have long believed that bees existed up to some 200 million years ago. This notion has recently come under some speculation because of a lack of any significant evidence to support this theory. Key missing evidence includes fossil records, the lack of flowering plants to support bee life, and recently revealed discrepancies in the fossil record.
To date, the oldest known bee discovered is a 100 million-year-old specimen preserved in amber. This ancient specimen, trapped in tree resin, is at least 35-45 million years older than any other known bee fossil. What is concerning scientists is the lack of any fossil evidence older than 100 million years. Fossil records for other plant, animal and insect species are quite complete, however, the bee is missing a similarly lengthy record.
The ancient world lacked flowering plants. This is important because bees are pollen-dependent and rely on flower pollen and nectar for energy, protein and other nutrients. Flora in the ancient world 200 million years ago were mostly dominated by conifers which did not flower or produce the pollen and nectar necessary for bee survival. Lacking this food source, it is highly skeptical that bees could have existed 200 million years ago.
Several of the fossil records being studied by scientists have also brought to light major discrepancies that exist between modern beehives and beehives of the ancient world. Specifically, ancient beehives seem to have a different organization and structure compared to that of modern beehives. This variance in evidence in the fossil record has led experts to speculate that these fossils are not fossils of beehives, but rather nests of another insect species.
The passage brings up the long belief among scientists that bees existed up to 200 million eego. The writer, then, deliberates deeply on three reasons that there is no evidence supporting this theory. However, the speaker finds the stated reasons irrational and refutes each of them with compelling reasons.
First and foremost, the article asserts that the oldest bee fossil found in tree resin dates back to 100 million years, and there is no other evidence. On the other hand, The professor clears out that in ancient times trees did not exist so as to bees were not preserved in tree resin but they were under layer and layer of sediments that bees escaped from fossilizing.
secondly, the reading claims that in ancient times flowers, which bees depended on their pollen to survive, were not on the face of the earth, no bees back then. Conversely, the lecture points out that bees found other sources of food such as tree honey doo. Thereby, they were not dependent on flowers.
Last but not least, the passage mentions that modern beehives are differentiated from ancient ones by their organization and structure. Consequently, scientists are in doubt whether discovered fossils are related to modern bees. The speaker, whereas, reveals that chemical analysis proves that both modern and ancient beehives are the product of the same bees, and their dissimilarities are due to evolution and adaptation.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 238, Rule ID: SO_AS_TO[1]
Message: Use simply 'to'
Suggestion: to
...at in ancient times trees did not exist so as to bees were not preserved in tree resin b...
^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Secondly
...s that bees escaped from fossilizing. secondly, the reading claims that in ancient tim...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, consequently, conversely, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, then, whereas, as to, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1180.0 1373.03311258 86% => OK
No of words: 232.0 270.72406181 86% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.08620689655 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.90276135726 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55555106785 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 136.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.586206896552 0.540411800872 108% => OK
syllable_count: 349.2 419.366225166 83% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 48.0885890487 49.2860985944 98% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.272727273 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.0909090909 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.0 7.06452816374 156% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.139655257148 0.272083759551 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0531395442378 0.0996497079465 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0637401232431 0.0662205650399 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0837851403548 0.162205337803 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0702083251515 0.0443174109184 158% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.24 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.24 8.42419426049 110% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 90 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 238, Rule ID: SO_AS_TO[1]
Message: Use simply 'to'
Suggestion: to
...at in ancient times trees did not exist so as to bees were not preserved in tree resin b...
^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Secondly
...s that bees escaped from fossilizing. secondly, the reading claims that in ancient tim...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, consequently, conversely, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, then, whereas, as to, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1180.0 1373.03311258 86% => OK
No of words: 232.0 270.72406181 86% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.08620689655 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.90276135726 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55555106785 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 136.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.586206896552 0.540411800872 108% => OK
syllable_count: 349.2 419.366225166 83% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 48.0885890487 49.2860985944 98% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.272727273 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.0909090909 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 11.0 7.06452816374 156% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.139655257148 0.272083759551 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0531395442378 0.0996497079465 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0637401232431 0.0662205650399 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0837851403548 0.162205337803 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0702083251515 0.0443174109184 158% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.1 13.3589403974 98% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.24 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.24 8.42419426049 110% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 90 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.