Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.
The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female orca whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a mate are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.
A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squid are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.
A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on the sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.
The reading and the lecture are both about the strange noise called "quackers" heard by the Russian submarine sailors from 1960s to 1980s. The author of the reading feels that there are three possible explanations for the weird odd sounds. The lecturer challenges the explanations made by the author. She is of the opinion that the explanations are faulty.
To begin with, the author argues that the unusual noises were the calls of male and female orcas during their courtship ritual. The article mentions that orca whales are known to live in the areas where the submarines' routes located and they can produce similar sounds during their courtship. This specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. She claims that the orcas sound should not be audible to the submarines as they usually wade in deep waters whereas the orcas live near the surface of the ocean. Additionally, she says that even if orcas made these sounds, the submarines would have been able to detect the orcas. Thus, orcas are not responsible for these sounds.
Secondly, the writer suggests that the sound was made by giant squids. In the article it is mentioned that the giant squids live in deep water, have soft bodies with no bones and their complex brain suggest intelligence, and so, they could have approached the submarines out of curiosity. The lecturer, however, rebuts this by mentioning that the sounds started in the 1960s and then disappeared in the 1980s. She elaborates the point by mentioning that giant squids still live in the deep ocean, and there are no reasons for the sound to stop after those two decades. Thus, the sounds couldn't have generated by giant squids.
Finally, the author posits that the Russian submarine might have picked up sounds from some advanced military technology, like foreign submarines. Moreover, in the article, it is mentioned that the submarines might not get detected by the Russian submarines because of technologies that make the submarine invisible to the sonar, and the strange sounds were unintentionally transmitted. In contrast, the lecturer's position is that those cannot be submarines because the sounds were moving from place to place and were changing directions very fast. Additionally, she adds that these submarines would have engine noise that could be detected by the Russian submarines. In the end, she mentions that even today there is no such technology that allows such fast directional change and stealth against engine noise, and so they cannot be foreign submarines.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
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| 2023-06-09 | Zmx_6 | 80 | view |
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| 2022-12-25 | nikki07hung | 3 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 251, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... explanations for the weird odd sounds. The lecturer challenges the explanations ma...
^^^
Line 9, column 587, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...ter those two decades. Thus, the sounds couldnt have generated by giant squids. Fi...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, still, then, thus, whereas, in contrast, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 22.0 10.4613686534 210% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 40.0 22.412803532 178% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 46.0 30.3222958057 152% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2129.0 1373.03311258 155% => OK
No of words: 413.0 270.72406181 153% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.15496368039 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.50803742585 4.04702891845 111% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.6612075184 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 196.0 145.348785872 135% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.474576271186 0.540411800872 88% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 640.8 419.366225166 153% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 20.0 13.0662251656 153% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 54.7125214188 49.2860985944 111% => OK
Chars per sentence: 106.45 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.65 21.698381199 95% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.65 7.06452816374 80% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 10.0 4.45695364238 224% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.221544491228 0.272083759551 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0677086851978 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0640994743164 0.0662205650399 97% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.133546495826 0.162205337803 82% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0352092255363 0.0443174109184 79% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.59 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.03 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 89.0 63.6247240618 140% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.