TPO 35- In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The “Voynich manuscript,” as it
The Voynich manuscript is a book which contains secret contents and, there are some hypotheses to explain what the codes' meanings. But, there are some objections about those opinions:
It is stated that the manuscript is a genuine sceintific or magical work, written by Anthony Ascham; Ascham has reputation for his codding habbit which was expressing the scientific facts and the orginal discoveries in codes. But, the lecturer stated that Ascham was a ordinary author and his discoveries were not so important and magical that persuade him to record them in a secret way. It is suggested that the manuscript contains some information about plants which are the same with Ascham's other books; As an objection, those plants were common among different authors at this era. So, the first hypothesis is rejected.
The manuscript could be magical fake book to be sold to nobles. Edward Kelley who used to extract money from nobles, is known the probable author of the book. The attraction of the manuscripts was the magical content and, Kelley was able to deceive the nobles in this way. According to theecture, if this issue was true, it would not necessary to elaborate the manuscript because, the profits of the deal would not be so important in comparison with the needed effort.
Another hypothesis is that the book has been written by Voynich himself to sell it as an antique book. As he was a antique book dealer, this statement sounds more probable. But, thanks to the modern technologies, scientists have determined the date of the used vellume and the ink; The date implies to 400 years ago and, if the Voynich used a vellume from other ancient books, how he could use the 400 years old ink? So, all hypotheses are far from reality.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-11-10 | M.S 2019 | 75 | view |
| 2019-09-23 | zhrnrz1992 | 85 | view |
| 2019-09-17 | Shayooooon | 80 | view |
- Workers are more satisfied when they have many different types of tasks to do during the workday than when they do similar tasks all day long. 90
- Experience is the best teacher 90
- TPO 31- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Because the world is changing so quickly, people now are less happy or less satisfied with their lives than people were in the past.Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 88
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In today’s world, it is more important to work quickly and risk making mistakes than to work slowly and make sure that everything is correct. 70
- TOEFL T P O 26 - Integrated Writing Task 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 268, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...ut, the lecturer stated that Ascham was a ordinary author and his discoveries wer...
^
Line 2, column 373, Rule ID: IN_A_X_MANNER[1]
Message: Consider replacing "in a secret way" with adverb for "secret"; eg, "in a hasty manner" with "hastily".
...agical that persuade him to record them in a secret way. It is suggested that the manuscript co...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 113, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...o sell it as an antique book. As he was a antique book dealer, this statement sou...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, if, so
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 23.0 10.4613686534 220% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 9.0 12.0772626932 75% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1446.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 297.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 4.86868686869 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15134772569 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.5664120418 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.52861952862 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 445.5 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 1.25165562914 320% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 74.4605053965 49.2860985944 151% => OK
Chars per sentence: 111.230769231 110.228320801 101% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.8461538462 21.698381199 105% => OK
Discourse Markers: 1.38461538462 7.06452816374 20% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.199299948047 0.272083759551 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0672956533922 0.0996497079465 68% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0452754830364 0.0662205650399 68% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.11622155289 0.162205337803 72% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0364686697433 0.0443174109184 82% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.26 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.4 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 69.0 63.6247240618 108% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.