The topic on which both the passage and the lecture puts focus is about an ancient group of winged reptiles named Pterosaurs, and whether or not they are capable of powered flight. While the author argues that Pterosaurs are unable to fly like the modern-day winged creatures and gives several reasons in favor of those arguments, the lecturer puts the author's claims into question and contradicts each point put forward by the author.
According to the author, Pterosaurs must have been cold-blooded animals as most of the modern reptiles are cold-blooded. Now, like all the other cold-blooded animals, Pterosaurs are also thought to have slow metabolism. This is the first reason for which the author argues that they might have been unable to generate the appropriate amount of energy needed to fly. The lecturer contrasts the above mentioned reason by stating that, in recently discovered fossils of Pterosaurs, dense hair-like covering is found, which is usually typical of warm-blooded animals as a means of protection from externally cold-conditions. Thus, the lecturer induces the probability that Pterosaurs might have been warm-blooded creatures.
The second reason for which the author considered the Pterosaurs to be flightless is because of their weight. The average size of these reptiles were as big as of a giraffe and they might have been so heavy that they were unable to flap their wings fast enough to stay airborne. The lecturer casts doubt on this point and puts forward the fact that they were comprised of such anatomical features which made them unbelievably light. The bones of these reptiles were hollow and light-weight and this exceptional feature made the Pterosaurs' weight low enough to keep themselves floating in the air for any period of time.
Finally, the author states that the fossils of the Pterosaurs indicate that their leg muscles were extremely weak and small which would have prevented them to run fast enough or make a high jump to launch themselves into the air. This is the closing statement that the author makes regarding the flightless nature of the Pterosaurs. This final statement is contradicted by the lecturer and mentions the fact that the Pterosaurs would have used all their four limbs while launching them into the air, rather than using only the hind limbs which were weak. In this context, she cites the example of bats as they also use four limbs to launch themselves.
Hence, it is seen that the lecturer effectively proves all the reasons for which the credibility of the on the facts mentioned in the reading passage were doubted.
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- TPO-47 - Integrated Writing Task Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered 73
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- TPO-45 - Integrated Writing Task Any student of paleontology will be struck by the fact that a great many animals of the past were considerably larger than they are today. This holds true for species ranging from dinosaurs to most mammals. Just why they w 80
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 131, Rule ID: WHETHER[7]
Message: Perhaps you can shorten this phrase to just 'whether'. It is correct though if you mean 'regardless of whether'.
Suggestion: whether
...f winged reptiles named Pterosaurs, and whether or not they are capable of powered flight. Whi...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 280, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...eir wings fast enough to stay airborne. The lecturer casts doubt on this point and ...
^^^
Line 5, column 355, Rule ID: WERE_COMPRISED_OF[1]
Message: Did you mean 'comprised' or 'were composed of'?
Suggestion: comprised; were composed of
...int and puts forward the fact that they were comprised of such anatomical features which made the...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 434, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...res which made them unbelievably light. The bones of these reptiles were hollow and...
^^^
Line 5, column 605, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
... themselves floating in the air for any period of time. Finally, the author states that the...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, first, hence, regarding, second, so, thus, while
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 24.0 10.4613686534 229% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 38.0 22.412803532 170% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 51.0 30.3222958057 168% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2180.0 1373.03311258 159% => OK
No of words: 428.0 270.72406181 158% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.09345794393 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.548423998 4.04702891845 112% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.65045147168 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 211.0 145.348785872 145% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.492990654206 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 656.1 419.366225166 156% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 54.1467912253 49.2860985944 110% => OK
Chars per sentence: 136.25 110.228320801 124% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.75 21.698381199 123% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.9375 7.06452816374 56% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.440175239007 0.272083759551 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.151442780544 0.0996497079465 152% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0929546292501 0.0662205650399 140% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.218677154109 0.162205337803 135% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0917269157345 0.0443174109184 207% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.9 13.3589403974 119% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.55 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.54 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.43 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 95.0 63.6247240618 149% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 12.5 10.7273730684 117% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.