"READING PASSAGE"
Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps. First, the problem must be identified correctly. Psychologists refer to this step as problem representation. For many problems, figuring out which information is relevant and which is extraneous van be difficult and can interfere with arriving a good solution. Clearly before problem can be solved, it must be obvious what the problem is; however, this is not as easy as it might seem. One obstacle to efficient problem representation is functional fixedness, that is, allowing preconceived notions and even prejudices to color the facts. Most people tend to see objects and events in certain fixed ways, and by being inflexible in viewing the problem, they may be unable to notice the tools for the solution. Once the problem is identified accurately, however, the second step consist of considering the alternatives for solution. A common way to evaluate alternatives is to write them down and then make a list of advantages and disadvantages for each solution. Here again, people may be limited by prior experiences. Often people adopt metal sets that lead them to the same problem-solving strategies that were successful for problems in the pasts. Although that can be helpful most of the time, sometimes a new situation reqire a different strategy. In that case, the mental set must be abundant, and new alternatives must be explored. This can be difficult adjustment for some people. After the alternatives have been compared, a strategy must be selected from among them. One way to avoid becoming mired in the options is to try the best option with view to abandoning it for another if the results are unfavorable. This attitude allows many people to move on expeditiously to the next step-action. The strategy selected must be implemented and tested. If it solves the problem, no further action is necessary, but if not, then an unsuccessful solution may acctuly lead to a more successful option. If the solution is still not apparent, then the cycle begind again, stating with problem identification. By continuing to review the problem and repeat the problem-solving steps, the solution can be improved upon and refined.
In this set of materials, the reading passage explains about the problem solving and its steps and the lecture, elaborates the article by adding some more information about the role of break in solving problem.
Firstly, In the lecture, the professor explains that the break has a good effecy on solving the problems and clarifies that how it can influence the solutions. She declares that a lot of researchs have done in this issue and has been found that taking break such as sleep can have an huge effect on solving problems. She cites the example of discovering the benzene structure by one scientist who saw in one of his sleep that a snake is eating itself in a circle shape and, base on this dream, he could solve his problem. In this case, she mentions that by taking this strategy, people can get rid of their previous thinkings and think in a different way. in the contrary, In the reading passage has been mentioned that most of people have a problem with inflexible in their way of thinking and tend to see objects as an fixed way, which is called functional fixedness.
Secondly, in the lecture, professor says that the value of breaking is that people will be able to think without any especial pattern and it will cause a more productive solution. Conversaly, in the reading it has been mentioned that people eager to follow the solution that previously have been experienced and never will try the new ways of thinking and finding problems.
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2018-11-27 | Bilguun Erdenedavaa | 73 | view |
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Sentence: Firstly, In the lecture, the professor explains that the break has a good effecy on solving the problems and clarifies that how it can influence the solutions.
Error: effecy Suggestion: ?
flaws:
You will be asked to find 3 flaws in real TOEFL test like this:
para 1: introduction
para 2: doubt 1
para 3: doubt 2
para 4: doubt 3
Read sample essays from ETS:
http://www.testbig.com/users/toeflwritingmaster
Attribute Value Ideal
Score: 25 in 30
Category: Very Good Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 1 2
No. of Sentences: 7 12
No. of Words: 256 250
No. of Characters: 1178 1200
No. of Different Words: 130 150
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4 4.2
Average Word Length: 4.602 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.41 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 78 80
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 64 60
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 40 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 23 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 36.571 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 10.966 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.429 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.458 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.668 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.197 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 3 4