Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible. First, atmospheric pressure at Venus' surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well. Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus. Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The lecture and the reading passage both discuss the possibility of establishing a permanent human presence on Venus. The author in the article believes that human colonization of Venus is somehow impossible due to the extreme conditions on the planet. However, the speaker in the lecture argues that those challenges could be overcome. He states that setting up a station on venus is certainly achievable.
First of all, the article claims that the atmospheric pressure on Venus' surface is so high that any spacecraft could be immediately crushed within one hour. Nevertheless, the lecturer holds a different point of view. He explains that at an altitude of fifty kilometers, the atmospheric pressure is almost equal to the normal pressure on the earth's surface. Hence, a floating station could be built to avoid crushing pressure on Venus' surface.
Second, the excerpt contends that the sister planet does not have any reservoirs of water and the atmosphere is made up of carbon dioxide, nitrogen and sulfuric acid with no oxygen. Thus, oxygen and water have to be supplied from earth to the human establishment. Consequently, this idea defeats the purpose of a permanent station on Venus and makes it impractical. On the other hand, the lecturer casts doubt on this belief. According to the lecture, chemical processes could be used to generate water and oxygen out of the carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid already present in the atmosphere.
Lastly, the author of the reading indicates that very little light reaches the planet surface as thick clouds and dense layers of carbon dioxide reflect almost sixty percent of incoming light back to space, which would not allow the exploitation of solar power to provide electricity for the machines and equipment. Surprisingly, the lecturer introduces a solution to this issue. He illustrates that clouds above a floating city are not thick and a considerable amount of sunlight would be filtering through. In addition, the floating body could harness the light reflected from the clouds underneath. both sources of light, from above and below, ensure the solar panels get enough sunlight to power the equipment.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-10-09 | mahan vahab kashi | 3 | view |
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- TPO 53 Writing IntegratedMany countries require cigarette smokers to pay particularly high taxes on their purchases of cigarettes; similar taxes are being considered for unhealthy foods. The policy of imposing high taxes on cigarettes and other unhealthy 76
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 11, column 603, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Both
...t reflected from the clouds underneath. both sources of light, from above and below,...
^^^^
Line 11, column 716, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...enough sunlight to power the equipment.
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
consequently, first, hence, however, if, lastly, nevertheless, second, so, thus, in addition, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 52.0 30.3222958057 171% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1826.0 1373.03311258 133% => OK
No of words: 350.0 270.72406181 129% => OK
Chars per words: 5.21714285714 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.32530772707 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.76941900634 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 186.0 145.348785872 128% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.531428571429 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 571.5 419.366225166 136% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 59.8060651782 49.2860985944 121% => OK
Chars per sentence: 101.444444444 110.228320801 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.4444444444 21.698381199 90% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.94444444444 7.06452816374 98% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.216492443569 0.272083759551 80% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0631254124045 0.0996497079465 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0608093476068 0.0662205650399 92% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.126610681304 0.162205337803 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0703374851168 0.0443174109184 159% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.0 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.68 8.42419426049 103% => OK
difficult_words: 91.0 63.6247240618 143% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 61.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.