Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
both the author and the lecturer discuss whether pterosaurs were capable of powered flight or whether they were able only to glide. The passage claims that they could not fly. The professor, on the other hand, completely rejects whatever mentioned in the reading through citing three reasons.
First both the author and the professor talk about pterosaur's metabolism. According to the passage, pterosaur were probably cold-blooded, so they could not generate the energy needed to fly. The lecturer, nevertheless, rejects the author's view and illustrates the idea that they had dense hair-like covering their body that maintained their body warm. this high body temperature supplied energy for fly.
Second of all, both the reading and the lecture discuss pterosaur's weight. The author argues that pterosaur were so heavy, so they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for long time. However, the professor refutes this, saying that pterosaurs had light anatomy. Their bone involved hollow rather than solid. Therefore, their weight were low enough to flap their wings quickly.
Eventually, the passage and the lecture address the subject of muscles' strength. The passage goes on to mention that pterosaurs had weak and too small muscles to allow them to run fast enough and jump high enough to launch themselves into the air. In contrast, the professor points out that there is a difference between birds and pterosaurs in the way they take off. birds use their legs, their two back limbs, but pterosaurs applied four limbs to take off on the ground, so using four limbs facilitate push off the ground.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Both
both the author and the lecturer discuss whe...
^^^^
Line 3, column 353, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...r body that maintained their body warm. this high body temperature supplied energy f...
^^^^
Line 7, column 369, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Birds
...nd pterosaurs in the way they take off. birds use their legs, their two back limbs, b...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, therefore, in contrast, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 7.0 12.0772626932 58% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 29.0 30.3222958057 96% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1374.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 268.0 270.72406181 99% => OK
Chars per words: 5.12686567164 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.04607285448 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41162290564 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 150.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.559701492537 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 395.1 419.366225166 94% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 40.7560865853 49.2860985944 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.875 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.75 21.698381199 77% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.75 7.06452816374 81% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.192028370972 0.272083759551 71% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0652025468518 0.0996497079465 65% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0670166332521 0.0662205650399 101% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.127002281401 0.162205337803 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0448930672661 0.0443174109184 101% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.1 13.3589403974 83% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.18 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.55 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 53.0 63.6247240618 83% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.