Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
Actually, both the passage and the lecture comment about whether Pterpsaurs have been able of powered flight or whether they were just able to glide. Although the passage brings three theories against powered flight, the lecture puts those hypothesizes under question. According to the professors statement, Pterosaurs may can be capable of powered flight.
First of all, as illustrated by the article, critcs say that Powered flight is a high energy level activity, and as long as ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs are cold-blooded like modern reptiles they ordinarilly have a low motion metabolism which make them unable to create a lot energy to be able to flight. The orator, however, refutes the expression by emphasing the fact that pterosaurs had a hairline covering which mostly warm-blooded animals have that to keep them warm. Therefore, if they are have been warm-blooded reptiles their metabolism were able to supply for powered flight.
Second, as declared in the writing, they were so big that made them unable to flight. Nonetheless, the speaker rebuts the claim by stating the thought that they had an anatomical feature which helped them to be able to flight. She says that, they had hollows in their bones which made their bones be low waighted so they were be able to flight.
Finally, the author indicates that they had too small and weak back leg muscles. Hence, this is not counted as usefull suggestion because birds and reptiles are diferent in using their legs for taking off. Birds, use only their front legs, however, pterosaurs used all 4 legs to take off so they were able to jump to fly even with weak muscles.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-12-06 | marii.r67 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-13 | shirley5001 | 80 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
| 2019-11-03 | Seema Modak | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 287, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'professors'' or 'professor's'?
Suggestion: professors'; professor's
...esizes under question. According to the professors statement, Pterosaurs may can be capabl...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 505, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'had'.
Suggestion: had
... keep them warm. Therefore, if they are have been warm-blooded reptiles their metabo...
^^^^
Line 9, column 327, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'been'.
Suggestion: been
...heir bones be low waighted so they were be able to flight. Finally, the autho...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, finally, first, hence, however, if, may, nonetheless, second, so, therefore, such as, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1382.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 276.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 5.00724637681 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07593519647 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.51450319507 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 153.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.554347826087 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 417.6 419.366225166 100% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 4.0 8.23620309051 49% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 1.25165562914 320% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 58.757032676 49.2860985944 119% => OK
Chars per sentence: 115.166666667 110.228320801 104% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.0 21.698381199 106% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.41666666667 7.06452816374 133% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.148943568678 0.272083759551 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0615941494924 0.0996497079465 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0420541212675 0.0662205650399 64% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0945532678938 0.162205337803 58% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0303606794179 0.0443174109184 69% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 53.8541721854 105% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.27 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.