Populations of the yellow cedar, a species of tree that is common in northwestern North America, have been steadily declining for more than a century now, since about 1880. Scientists have advanced several hypotheses explain this decline.
One hypothesis is that the yellow cedar decline may be caused by insect parasites, specifically the cedar bark beetle. This beetle is known to attack cedar trees; the beetle larvae eat the wood. There have been recorded instances of sustained beetle attacks overwhelming and killing yellow cedars, so this insect is a good candidate for the cause of the tree's decline.
A second hypothesis attributes the decline to brown bears. Bears sometimes claw at the cedars in order to eat the tree bark, which has a high sugar content. In fact, the cedar bark can contain as much sugar as the wild berries that are a staple of the bears' diet. Although the bears' clawing is unlikely to destroy trees by itself, their aggressive feeding habits may critically weaken enough trees to be responsible for the decline.
The third hypothesis states that gradual changes of climate may be to blame. Over the last hundred years, the patterns of seasonal as well as day-to-day temperatures have changed in northwestern North America. These changes have affected the root systems of the yellow cedar trees: the fine surface roots now start growing in the late winter rather than in the early spring. The change in the timing of root growth may have significant consequences. Growing roots are sensitive and are therefore likely to suffer damage from partial freezing on cold winter nights. This frozen root damage may be capable of undermining the health of the whole tree, eventually killing it.
the yellow cedar is a species of tree. those are common in northwestern North America. population of this trees is declining. the first reason maybe this subject that the yellow cedar unlikely suffer from insect damage. the bark beetle is known to attack cedar tree lead to damage cedar tree and will killing yellow cedars so this insect is a good candidate for declining the mentioned trees. the second theory, sometimes bears claw at the cedar and they feed from the tree bark, which has a high sugar. although the bear' clawing is unlikely to destroy tree by itself, so this is maybe an other reason for declining the mentioned trees. the third reason, the gradual changes of climate like extremely decreasing temperature that leads to frizz damage or increasing in temperature that may make a difficult condition for growing this trees. and so decline in those population.
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- A little over 2 200 years ago the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse According to some ancient historians the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a burning mirror a polished copper surface curved to focus the Sun s 63
- TPO 2
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement One of the best ways that parents can help their teenage children prepare for adult life is to encourage them to take a part time job Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 35
- TPO18-Q1 70
- integrated writing toefl, TPO 25 40
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
the yellow cedar is a species of tree. thos...
^^^
Line 1, column 40, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Those
the yellow cedar is a species of tree. those are common in northwestern North Americ...
^^^^^
Line 1, column 88, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Population
...e common in northwestern North America. population of this trees is declining. the first r...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 102, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...rthwestern North America. population of this trees is declining. the first reason ma...
^^^^
Line 1, column 127, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
... population of this trees is declining. the first reason maybe this subject that th...
^^^
Line 1, column 221, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...dar unlikely suffer from insect damage. the bark beetle is known to attack cedar tr...
^^^
Line 1, column 302, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'will' requires the base form of the verb: 'kill'
Suggestion: kill
...tree lead to damage cedar tree and will killing yellow cedars so this insect is a good ...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 394, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...date for declining the mentioned trees. the second theory, sometimes bears claw at ...
^^^
Line 1, column 394, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...date for declining the mentioned trees. the second theory, sometimes bears claw at ...
^^^
Line 1, column 505, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Although
... the tree bark, which has a high sugar. although the bear clawing is unlikely to destroy...
^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 587, Rule ID: AN_OTHER[1]
Message: Did you mean 'another'? This word sequence is usually spelled together.
Suggestion: another
...estroy tree by itself, so this is maybe an other reason for declining the mentioned tree...
^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 638, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...ason for declining the mentioned trees. the third reason, the gradual changes of cl...
^^^
Line 1, column 841, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: And
...icult condition for growing this trees. and so decline in those population.
^^^
Line 1, column 859, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[2]
Message: Did you mean 'this population' or 'those populations'?
Suggestion: this population; those populations
...r growing this trees. and so decline in those population.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, if, may, second, so, third
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 4.0 12.0772626932 33% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 12.0 22.412803532 54% => OK
Preposition: 15.0 30.3222958057 49% => More preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 731.0 1373.03311258 53% => More number of characters wanted.
No of words: 148.0 270.72406181 55% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.93918918919 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.48791127476 4.04702891845 86% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45366111868 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 89.0 145.348785872 61% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.601351351351 0.540411800872 111% => OK
syllable_count: 224.1 419.366225166 53% => syllable counts are too short.
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 9.0 13.0662251656 69% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 59.0310652679 49.2860985944 120% => OK
Chars per sentence: 81.2222222222 110.228320801 74% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.4444444444 21.698381199 76% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.66666666667 7.06452816374 52% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 1.0 4.09492273731 24% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 14.0 4.19205298013 334% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.230895386962 0.272083759551 85% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.124392570587 0.0996497079465 125% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0752809350632 0.0662205650399 114% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.230895386962 0.162205337803 142% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0 0.0443174109184 0% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.1 13.3589403974 76% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 63.7 53.8541721854 118% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.4 11.0289183223 76% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.08 12.2367328918 91% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.95 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 33.0 63.6247240618 52% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Minimum four paragraphs wanted. The correct pattern:
para 1: introduction
para 2: doubt 1
para 3: doubt 2
para 4: doubt 3
Less contents wanted from the reading passages(25%), more content wanted from the lecture (75%).
Don't need a conclusion paragraph.
Read sample essays from ETS:
http://www.testbig.com/users/toeflwritingmaster
Minimum 150 words wanted.
Rates: 40.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 12.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.