Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold.
Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is, in fact, a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading states that there are three evidences which show us that dinosaurs are endotherm animals. The lecturer, however, finds the idea dubious and casts doubt on the reasons proposed by the reading passage.
The author argues that dinosaurs' fossils have been found in polar regions in where just endotherm animal can be survived owing to their ability of keeping their body temperature high. Conversely, the lecturer brings up the idea that the weather in that regions was more warmer than is it today, so this theory cannot be accepted. Moreover, the dinosaurs might migrate to other places during cold weather or they might have the hibernating approach for cold time.
Furthermore, the reading passage holds the view that the position of dinosaurs' leg under their body is the a reason that cofim the theory of being an endotherm animal. O the contrary, the professor underlines the fact that under body legs provide animal with high energy and also, provides them with a opportunity to support more weigh. As the large size of this kind of animal, these feature was helpful for them.
Finally, the reading asserts that the bone structure of dinosaures shows the presence of Haversian canals that is a place for nerve and vesseles, and contribute to quick growth of animal and the rapid growth is one of the characteristics of endotherm animal. In contrast, the speaker dismisses this issue due to the fact that beside haversian canals there are growth rings in their bone structure which help us to get information about dinosaures growing behavior. This feature shows that they have slow and also stop in their grwing during cold weather, which on the oppsite side of endotherm animal whose growth rate is quick even in cold weather.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-11-14 | TiOluwani97 | 80 | view |
| 2023-07-20 | guna | 73 | view |
| 2023-07-15 | nusybah | 85 | view |
| 2023-07-04 | Hrushikesh_Vaddoriya | 66 | view |
| 2023-06-14 | YasamanEsml | 90 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...asons proposed by the reading passage. The author argues that dinosaurs fossils ha...
^^^
Line 2, column 265, Rule ID: MOST_COMPARATIVE[2]
Message: Use only 'warmer' (without 'more') when you use the comparative.
Suggestion: warmer
...ea that the weather in that regions was more warmer than is it today, so this theory cannot...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 104, Rule ID: DT_DT[1]
Message: Maybe you need to remove one determiner so that only 'the' or 'a' is left.
Suggestion: the; a
...on of dinosaurs leg under their body is the a reason that cofim the theory of being a...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 300, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...igh energy and also, provides them with a opportunity to support more weigh. As t...
^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, conversely, finally, furthermore, however, moreover, so, in contrast, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1454.0 1373.03311258 106% => OK
No of words: 292.0 270.72406181 108% => OK
Chars per words: 4.97945205479 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13376432452 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.43652771217 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 161.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.551369863014 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 450.9 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 21.2450331126 122% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 49.3039149871 49.2860985944 100% => OK
Chars per sentence: 132.181818182 110.228320801 120% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.5454545455 21.698381199 122% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.0 7.06452816374 113% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.201083037656 0.272083759551 74% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0751798743731 0.0996497079465 75% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0609049155636 0.0662205650399 92% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.114270299769 0.162205337803 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0395066061952 0.0443174109184 89% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.3 13.3589403974 115% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.55 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.9 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.5 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 66.0 63.6247240618 104% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 10.498013245 118% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.