Large numbers of dinosaur fossils have been discovered in deposits on Alaska's North Slope, a region that today experiences an extremely cold,arctic climate. One hundred million years ago, when those dinosaurs were alive, the environment of the North Slope was already inhospitable,especially during the winter when it experienced several months of total darkness. How did the dinosaurs survive the wintertime? Paleontologists have proposed that one of the most common North Slope dinosaurs, the elephant-sized edmontosaur (Edmontosaurus), survived the winter by migrating south to more hospitable regions. Several arguments support the migration hypothesis. First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis.Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food. Second, many edmontosaur skeletons have been unearthed from the same site. This suggests that edmontosaurs lived in herd. Many modern-day migratory animals, such as caribou and buffalo, live and migrate in herds as well. Moving in herds helps animals coordinate their migration.The finding that edmonotsaurs lived in herds further supports the migration hypothesis. Finally, edmonosaurs were physically capable of migrating long distances. To reach more hospitable regions, the edmontosaur had to migrate about 1,600 kilometers southward. To make such a journey, the edmontosaur needed to move at about five kilometers per hour for several weeks, which is certainly could do. These animals could run very fast, reaching speeds up to 45 kilometers per hour. It could have easily used its locomotive power to move to warmer climate during the harsh arctic winters.
The fossils of dinosaurs in the Alaska's North Slope has questioned the survival of the dinosaurs in this harsh climate. Both the lecture and the text are in opposite ends about the migration theory to explain this strange phenomenon. The former casts doubt on the hypotheses that Edmontasaurus survived the cold temperature by migrating during winter. While the latter offers several theories to justify that they were able to survive because of their migrations.
The first point of dispute is revolving around the connection between food sources and the migration. The professor quickly discards the idea by claiming that they didn't necessarily have to migrate to have their foods in winter. To bolster her statement, she further extends that the temperature during that time was much warmer than the modern time. In addition, during summer, the zone was fully covered with sunshine where sunlight was available for 24 hours. Therefore, the plants and vegetations were available as potential food sources to the edmontosaur. Besides, during winter, there were ample number of dead plants available as food sources. Therefore, they didn't need to migrate to another place for food sources. However, the reading article believes that during winter there were no plants growing that time. Therefore, they had to migrate to other places for foods.
Another point of debate was related to the relation between living in herds and migrate together. The professor again opposes the claim and states that there are many other possible reasons that animals are living in herds. One such reason is that it provides them extra protection when they stay and travel together. She also brings the example of American Elk which move together in the forest but don't migrate from one place to another. In contrast, the article mentions that the dinosaur lives in a herd which is an indicator that they migrate during the winter.
Last but not the least, the final argument focuses on the physical capability of the edmonotsaurs to migrate to a long distance. One last time the speaker rebuts the claim and poses that it is unlikely that the juveniles also had the potent to move to a larger distance. They were not physically fit to move fast like the adult edmonosaurs. As a consequence, the parents dinosaur would also not migrate since they wouldn't leave their children in trouble. However, the text claims that, they went to safe places by their energy.
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- An airship is a type of aircraft that flies using a very large balloon filled with a lighter than air gas Airships were an important means of air transportation before the 1940s but are little used today having been largely replaced by airplanes and helic 85
- Critical judgment of work in any given field has little value unless it comes from someone who is an expert in that field 58
- Hail pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field Over the last few decades a method of 80
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 164, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...discards the idea by claiming that they didnt necessarily have to migrate to have the...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 656, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...vailable as food sources Therefore they didnt need to migrate to another place for fo...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 398, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...k which move together in the forest but dont migrate from one place to another In co...
^^^^
Line 7, column 359, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'parents'' or 'parent's'?
Suggestion: parents'; parent's
... adult edmonosaurs As a consequence the parents dinosaur would also not migrate since t...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 410, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: wouldn't
...osaur would also not migrate since they wouldnt leave their children in trouble However...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, but, first, however, if, so, therefore, while, in addition, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 36.0 22.412803532 161% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 62.0 30.3222958057 204% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 11.0 5.01324503311 219% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2011.0 1373.03311258 146% => OK
No of words: 403.0 270.72406181 149% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.99007444169 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.48049772903 4.04702891845 111% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.36987124917 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 203.0 145.348785872 140% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.503722084367 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 640.8 419.366225166 153% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 2.0 8.23620309051 24% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 1.0 13.0662251656 8% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 403.0 21.2450331126 1897% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 0.0 49.2860985944 0% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 2011.0 110.228320801 1824% => Less chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 403.0 21.698381199 1857% => Less words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 86.0 7.06452816374 1217% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 0.0 4.27373068433 0% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.101680641319 0.272083759551 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.101680641319 0.0996497079465 102% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0 0.0662205650399 0% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0693741263645 0.162205337803 43% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0494066568877 0.0443174109184 111% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 203.6 13.3589403974 1524% => Automated_readability_index is high.
flesch_reading_ease: -337.57 53.8541721854 -627% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 0.0 5.55761589404 0% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 160.5 11.0289183223 1455% => Flesch kincaid grade is high.
coleman_liau_index: 13.14 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 27.03 8.42419426049 321% => Dale chall readability score is high.
difficult_words: 87.0 63.6247240618 137% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 56.0 10.7273730684 522% => Linsear_write_formula is high.
gunning_fog: 163.2 10.498013245 1555% => Gunning_fog is high.
text_standard: 56.0 11.2008830022 500% => The average readability is very high. Good job!
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.