Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile’s main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel- cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource; someday, we will run out of oil. They hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.
Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the world’s pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel- cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal- combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
Both the reading and the lecture discuss about the alternative replacement of automobile power source. More specifically, the advantages of hydrogen-based fuel cell engine over the internal-combustion engine. The writer states that the fuel-cell engines have several merits over the internal combustion engines and that the later will soon be obsolete. However, the lecturer rebuts this notion by saying that the claim in the reading is too optimistic.
First of all, the author averts that the internal-combustion engines are highly reliant on petroleum, which will finish. According to the article, the hydrogen used in the fuel cells are gotten from plenty sources and will be difficult to deplete. Nonetheless, the professor refutes this by stating that the liquid hydrogen used in the fuel cells are very hard to get. He explains that a lot of work is needed to keep this hydrogen at -2 degree Celsius for use. This actually make this energy source very impractical.
Secondly, the reading mentions that the fuel cells are very clean because no carbon dioxide is produced. This specific argument is challenged by the professor. He contends that in order to purify the hydrogen used by the fuel cells, some operations that involves burning and produces carbon dioxide will be used.
Finally, the writer posits that the hydrogen-based fuel cells are very efficient and cheap when compared to the internal-combustion engine. Yet, the lecturer contradicts this point by revealing that the fuel cells make use of platinum which is very expensive. He adds that without the platinum, the reaction required to produce the energy in the fuel cell won't be achieved. All other trials to replace the platinum in the fuel cell proved to be futile.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022-11-29 | negooo | 80 | view |
| 2022-10-02 | Kalyani_tekade_24 | 60 | view |
| 2022-10-02 | 1ms19ec133 | 80 | view |
| 2022-09-04 | jimHsu | 80 | view |
| 2022-08-21 | dnudlyjgtnudbphwev | 73 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 51, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...eading and the lecture discuss about the alternative replacement of automobile po...
^^
Line 7, column 158, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nal-combustion engine. Yet, the lecturer contradicts this point by revealing that...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, finally, first, however, if, nonetheless, second, secondly, so, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1467.0 1373.03311258 107% => OK
No of words: 282.0 270.72406181 104% => OK
Chars per words: 5.20212765957 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.09790868904 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.93657490273 2.5805825403 114% => OK
Unique words: 148.0 145.348785872 102% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.524822695035 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 457.2 419.366225166 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 27.2871736123 49.2860985944 55% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 91.6875 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.625 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.6875 7.06452816374 81% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.278036392937 0.272083759551 102% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.095133571569 0.0996497079465 95% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0633649125476 0.0662205650399 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.169316135666 0.162205337803 104% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0759148033425 0.0443174109184 171% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.9 13.3589403974 89% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.58 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.85 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 78.0 63.6247240618 123% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 65.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 19.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.