Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The reading asserts that the 200 years old structures have found can not resemble bee nests. The lecturer, however, finds the idea dubious on the reasons proposed by the reeading passage.
The author argues that the earliest bee's fossil is 100 million years old and it is not possible for bees to live 200 million years ago, since there is no fossil of them with that age. Conversely, the lecture brings up the idea that bees could existed at that time but because there were no resine their body could not preserve. The lecturer the trees which produces resine did not existed 200 million years ago.
Furthermore, the reading passage holds the view that, since flowering plants and bees are biologically connected, bees were not able to live without flowering plants. As far as we know, the first flowering plants appeard millions of years after the discussing structure created. If the strcture were made by bees, there must were flowering plants that bees fed from so they can live. On the contrary the lecturer underline the facts that, bees can fed from non flowering plants which existed before flowering plants. This non flowering are anestiors of flowering plants which toodays bees feeding from.
Finally, the reading asserts that, The fossil structures lack details. For example, unlike modern bee's nest, there were no spriral pattern at the closing caps of fossils. In contrast,. the speaker dismiss this issue due to the fact that the same chemical is in both fossil structure and today bees' neest. Modern bees produce chemicals that are waterproof to protect their nests. After they chemically analyzed the fossil structures, they found same waterproof chemical there.
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- Did bees a type of insect exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests The structures have been found inside 200 million year old fossilized trees in the 60
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...sons proposed by the reeading passage. The author argues that the earliest bees fo...
^^^
Line 2, column 37, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...e. The author argues that the earliest bees fossil is 100 million years old and it ...
^^^^
Line 2, column 174, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...o, since there is no fossil of them with that age. Conversely, the lecture brings...
^^
Line 2, column 244, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'could' requires the base form of the verb: 'exist'
Suggestion: exist
...ture brings up the idea that bees could existed at that time but because there were no ...
^^^^^^^
Line 2, column 382, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'did' requires the base form of the verb: 'exist'
Suggestion: exist
...the trees which produces resine did not existed 200 million years ago. Furthermore, t...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 182, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , .
...the closing caps of fossils. In contrast,. the speaker dismiss this issue due to t...
^^
Line 4, column 185, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
... closing caps of fossils. In contrast,. the speaker dismiss this issue due to the f...
^^^
Line 4, column 197, Rule ID: MASS_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Possible agreement error - use third-person verb forms for singular and mass nouns: 'dismisses'.
Suggestion: dismisses
...s of fossils. In contrast,. the speaker dismiss this issue due to the fact that the sam...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, so, for example, in contrast, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1407.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 278.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 5.06115107914 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08329915638 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.31709687824 2.5805825403 90% => OK
Unique words: 145.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.521582733813 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 407.7 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 1.25165562914 399% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 39.0160223498 49.2860985944 79% => OK
Chars per sentence: 93.8 110.228320801 85% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.5333333333 21.698381199 85% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.93333333333 7.06452816374 98% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 8.0 4.19205298013 191% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.346850695212 0.272083759551 127% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.118135723773 0.0996497079465 119% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.12247791552 0.0662205650399 185% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.226714371689 0.162205337803 140% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.10422567558 0.0443174109184 235% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.7 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.65 8.42419426049 91% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 60.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.