Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus’ surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The reading passage and the listening discuss maintaining a human presence on Venus. Despite that, the professor states that the conditions on Venus may be challenging, it is certainly possible to build a permanent human presence on Venus. He casts doubt on every single point the reading makes and provide details to support his thought in the lecture.
To begin with, the writer claims that the pressure at Venus' surface is much greater than Earth's surface so almost every object landed on Venus would be destroyed. However, the lecturer thinks human can build a floating station such as ballon to solve the pressure issue. By building the station 50 kilometers away the surface, the atmosphere pressure can be qual to the pressure on earth. And there is no danger to land the object on the floating station. Therefore, he can not give a nod to the author in terms of the first point.
Secondly, the reading suggests that there are no water on Venus and human would have to import water and oxygen from Earth. The professor, on the other hand, argues that there are carbon compounds on Venus. They can use chemical process to extract water and oxygen for human survival. It is not necessarily to obtain water and oxygen from Earth. Apparently, he disagrees its counterpart in the reading.
In addition, the author points out the thick clouds block 60 percents of the sunlight to reach Venus whereas the lecturers believes the clouds are not thick when the station is above certain level. Human can utilize the reflection of sunlight and collect the sunlight to generate electricity. As a result, he can not agree the opinion of the solar power problem.
To sum up, the writer and the professor hold conflicting views on the topic on the possibility to maintain human presence on Venus.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023-07-14 | Zmx_6 | 80 | view |
| 2023-07-14 | Zmx_6 | 80 | view |
| 2023-06-25 | YasamanEsml | 65 | view |
| 2023-02-11 | reza_fattahi | 83 | view |
| 2023-02-11 | reza_fattahi | 76 | view |
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
apparently, first, however, may, second, secondly, so, therefore, whereas, in addition, such as, as a result, to begin with, to sum up, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 9.0 5.04856512141 178% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 6.0 12.0772626932 50% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 44.0 30.3222958057 145% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1494.0 1373.03311258 109% => OK
No of words: 306.0 270.72406181 113% => OK
Chars per words: 4.88235294118 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.18244613648 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50304611724 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 158.0 145.348785872 109% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.516339869281 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 455.4 419.366225166 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 38.5966633551 49.2860985944 78% => OK
Chars per sentence: 87.8823529412 110.228320801 80% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.0 21.698381199 83% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.0 7.06452816374 127% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 4.45695364238 202% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.279281521647 0.272083759551 103% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.082029393434 0.0996497079465 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0895276999407 0.0662205650399 135% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.155911455554 0.162205337803 96% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0817847648909 0.0443174109184 185% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.6 13.3589403974 79% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.73 12.2367328918 88% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.24 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 63.6247240618 113% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.