READING PASSAGE Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps First the problem must be identified correctly Psychologists refer to this step as problem representation For many problems figuring out which information is relevant and which is ext

"READING PASSAGE"
Solving a problem can be broken down into several steps. First, the problem must be identified correctly. Psychologists refer to this step as problem representation. For many problems, figuring out which information is relevant and which is extraneous van be difficult and can interfere with arriving a good solution. Clearly before problem can be solved, it must be obvious what the problem is; however, this is not as easy as it might seem. One obstacle to efficient problem representation is functional fixedness, that is, allowing preconceived notions and even prejudices to color the facts. Most people tend to see objects and events in certain fixed ways, and by being inflexible in viewing the problem, they may be unable to notice the tools for the solution. Once the problem is identified accurately, however, the second step consist of considering the alternatives for solution. A common way to evaluate alternatives is to write them down and then make a list of advantages and disadvantages for each solution. Here again, people may be limited by prior experiences. Often people adopt metal sets that lead them to the same problem-solving strategies that were successful for problems in the pasts. Although that can be helpful most of the time, sometimes a new situation reqire a different strategy. In that case, the mental set must be abundant, and new alternatives must be explored. This can be difficult adjustment for some people. After the alternatives have been compared, a strategy must be selected from among them. One way to avoid becoming mired in the options is to try the best option with view to abandoning it for another if the results are unfavorable. This attitude allows many people to move on expeditiously to the next step-action. The strategy selected must be implemented and tested. If it solves the problem, no further action is necessary, but if not, then an unsuccessful solution may acctuly lead to a more successful option. If the solution is still not apparent, then the cycle begind again, stating with problem identification. By continuing to review the problem and repeat the problem-solving steps, the solution can be improved upon and refined.