Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
The reading and lecture are both about bees that existed 200 million years ago. The author of the reading believes that there are no evidence to support that bees were predominant 200 million years ago. However, the lecturer casts doubts about the claims made in the passage and refutes all the theories presented.
First of all, the author points out that there are no fossilized remains of bees dated 200 million years ago. The article notes that evidence suggests that the structure of bees are only available 100 million years old. Conversely, the point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that it is true that there are no records of actual bee that is preserved 200 million years ago. Furthermore, she argues that the tree that preserve the bees are not yet available at that moment and that tree is very rare. In addition, it does not mean that bees did not exist that time, but the tree that produce the right resin for fossilizing the bees are not present.
Secondly, the author contends that there are absence of flowering plants in that era. The article establishes that flowering plants and bees has close mutual relationship with each other, thus, without the presence of one species and its impossible that to exist. On the contrary, the lecturer rebuts this argument. She suggests that bees have different diet such as feeding on no flowering plant such as fern and pine tree. Moreover, she elaborates on this by mentioning that later on flowering plant evolve resulting in adapting change its diet to a more stable food source. Thus, this standpoint is contraindicated in the passage.
Finally, the article states that structural design of the fossilized structure are similar to nest chamber made by modern bees but they lack finer details of bees nest. The article denotes that the modern bee structure have closed caps with spiral pattern, but the fossilized chamber does not have caps. The lecturer, on the other hand, posits that the structure are protected by water propelling substance and when fossilized chambers are analyzed it contained the same kind of water proofing made by the modern bees.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-04-13 | toefl 2019 | 83 | view |
- TPO-17 - Integrated Writing Task In the past century, the steady growth of the human population and the corresponding increase in agriculture and pesticide use have caused much harm to wildlife in the United States,birds in particular. Unfortunately for b 73
- TPO 10 The sea otter is a small mammal that lives in waters along the western coast of North America from California to Alaska. When some sea otter populations off the Alaskan coast started rapidly declining a few years ago, it caused much concern because 73
- TPO 30- A little over 2200 years ago, the Roman navy attacked the Greek port city of Syracuse. According to some ancient historians, the Greeks defended themselves with an ingenious weapon called a “burning mirror”: a polished copper surface curved to 73
- TPO 10 Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement Playing computer games is a waste of time Children should not be allowed to play them Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer 52
- TPO-22 - Integrated Writing Task Ethanol fuel, made from plants such as corn and sugar cane, has been advocated by some people as an alternative to gasoline in the United States. However, many critics argue that ethanol is not a good replacement for gasol 80
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, finally, first, furthermore, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, thus, in addition, kind of, such as, first of all, it is true, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 26.0 12.0772626932 215% => Less relative clauses wanted (maybe 'which' is over used).
Pronoun: 38.0 22.412803532 170% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1779.0 1373.03311258 130% => OK
No of words: 359.0 270.72406181 133% => OK
Chars per words: 4.95543175487 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.35284910392 4.04702891845 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.4410302133 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 176.0 145.348785872 121% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.490250696379 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 539.1 419.366225166 129% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.9882269269 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 98.8333333333 110.228320801 90% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.9444444444 21.698381199 92% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.4444444444 7.06452816374 148% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.414643043901 0.272083759551 152% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.125799225075 0.0996497079465 126% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.109303864707 0.0662205650399 165% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.237459628091 0.162205337803 146% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.126019962902 0.0443174109184 284% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.9 13.3589403974 89% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.27 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 84.0 63.6247240618 132% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.