Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The article states that there is considerable evidence that dinosaurs were endotherms and provides three reasons of support. However, the professor explains that experts do not think that these evidences proof anything valuable and refutes each of the author's reasons.
First, the reading states that dinosaurs might be endotherms because fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. The professor opposes this point by saying that in reality these animals lived on much warmer regions and she explains that endotherms species can not live on those hot areas. Also, evidences shows that Polar dinosaurs how did not moved to warmer areas could had been in a hibernation state during the winter, like non-endotherms animals do.
Second, the article claims that the position and movement of the dinosaurs' legs suggest that they were endotherms. However, the professor contends that legs positioned underneath the body did not necessarily means that these animals are endotherms. In fact, the dinosaurs have this characteristic but the legs were used in order to support the body structure of very weight species. In that way, this leg position allowed the dinosaurs to be bigger and not to be faster.
Third, the reading avers that fossilized bones of dinosaurs have a connection with endotherm bone structures. Conversely, the lecture refutes this point by stating that the dinosaurs' bones have growth rings and this evidence shows that these animal did not have a rapidly growing. Thus, those rings could means that the animal had stopped or slowed his growth during cold times. Therefore, this characteristic is clearly not from endotherm species.
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| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
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| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
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- Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 90
- Some people say that the Internet provides people with a lot of valuable information. Others think access to much information creates problems. Which view do you agree with?Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 73
- Colleges and universities should require all faculty to spend time working outside the academic world in professions relevant to the courses they teach. 66
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 241, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'endotherms'' or 'endotherm's'?
Suggestion: endotherms'; endotherm's
...ch warmer regions and she explains that endotherms species can not live on those hot areas...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 348, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'did' requires the base form of the verb: 'move'
Suggestion: move
... shows that Polar dinosaurs how did not moved to warmer areas could had been in a hib...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 376, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'could' requires the base form of the verb: 'have'
Suggestion: have
...how did not moved to warmer areas could had been in a hibernation state during the ...
^^^
Line 5, column 209, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[3]
Message: The verb 'did' requires base form of the verb: 'mean'
Suggestion: mean
...underneath the body did not necessarily means that these animals are endotherms. In f...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 306, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'could' requires the base form of the verb: 'mean'
Suggestion: mean
...apidly growing. Thus, those rings could means that the animal had stopped or slowed h...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, conversely, first, however, second, so, therefore, third, thus, in fact
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1398.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 261.0 270.72406181 96% => OK
Chars per words: 5.35632183908 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.0193898071 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.61579498547 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 138.0 145.348785872 95% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.528735632184 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 422.1 419.366225166 101% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 30.9002977715 49.2860985944 63% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.538461538 110.228320801 98% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.0769230769 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.30769230769 7.06452816374 89% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 4.45695364238 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.135627395749 0.272083759551 50% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0552935778534 0.0996497079465 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0276137350601 0.0662205650399 42% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.084027948941 0.162205337803 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0284289623845 0.0443174109184 64% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.9 13.3589403974 104% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.81 12.2367328918 113% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.5 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.