Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading and the lecture are both about whether the dinosaurs are endotherm or not. The author of the reading feels that dinosaurs were actually endotherm. The position of the author is challenged by the lecturer. he is of the opinion that dinosaurs were not endothermic species and were more like other reptiles.
To begin with, the author feels that fossils of the dinosaurs can be found in the polar region. The reading states that since, the dinosaurs fossil can be found on polar regions so they must have the capability to keep their body temperature well above the surrounding in order to survive over there. this argument of the author is challenged by the lecturer. he claims that polar regions were actually warmer than today. Additionally, he says that since, the temperature was higher then dinosaurs can easily survive over there. moreover, there is a possibility that when the temperature dropped they migrated to warmer regions or went to hibernation just like other reptiles.
Secondly, the writer suggests that position of legs of the dinosaurs beneath their body is a strong indicator of them being endotherm. In the article, it is mentioned that due to this structure it makes dinosaurs a high energy endothermic species capable of running. The lecturer, however rebut this by mentioning that this body structure does not guarantee that they were high energy species. he elaborates on this by bringing up the point that reason behind the legs to be underneath the body was to support more weight of the dinosaurs as they grow in to prodigious size, so the legs position provides them an advantage to bolster their large weight.
Finally, the author posits that dinosaurs have the presence of Haversian canal in their bone structure. Moreover, in the article it is stated that due to this canal there is also indication of presence of collection of blood vessels and nerves which signifies the rapid growth in the dinosaurs, a prominent characteristic of endothermic species. In contrast, the lecturer position is that though it is true many dinosaurs have the haversian canal in their bones but they also had growth rings in their bones. he notes that growth rings clearly reports that dinosaurs have a sporadic schedule of growth as they stopped growing in winters and while in summers they again started to grow. so, this particular characteristic is not at all the behaviour of endothermic species as they grow evenly round the year.
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| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
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- People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example, new experiences, career preparation, increased knowledge). Why do you think people attend college or university? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 70
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? People benefit more from traveling in their own country than from traveling to foreign country. 73
- Some people say that computers have made the life easier and more convenient. Other say that computers had made life more complex and stressful. What is your opinion? 81
- Some people think that they can learn better by themselves than with a teacher. Others think that it is always better to have a teacher. Which do you prefer? Use specific reasons to develop your essay. 73
- People have different ways of escaping the stress and difficulties in modern life. Some read; some exercises; others work in their garden. What do you think are the best ways of reducing stress? Use specific details and examples in your answer. 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 160, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...that dinosaurs were actually endotherm. The position of the author is challenged by...
^^^
Line 1, column 218, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...e author is challenged by the lecturer. he is of the opinion that dinosaurs were n...
^^
Line 5, column 132, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'dinosaurs'' or 'dinosaur's'?
Suggestion: dinosaurs'; dinosaur's
...ion. The reading states that since, the dinosaurs fossil can be found on polar regions so...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 302, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...ounding in order to survive over there. this argument of the author is challenged by...
^^^^
Line 5, column 361, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...e author is challenged by the lecturer. he claims that polar regions were actually...
^^
Line 5, column 477, Rule ID: COMPARISONS_THEN[1]
Message: Did you mean 'higher than'?
Suggestion: higher than
...he says that since, the temperature was higher then dinosaurs can easily survive over there...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 484, Rule ID: COMP_THAN[3]
Message: Comparison requires 'than', not 'then' nor 'as'.
Suggestion: than
... that since, the temperature was higher then dinosaurs can easily survive over there...
^^^^
Line 5, column 530, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Moreover
...inosaurs can easily survive over there. moreover, there is a possibility that when the t...
^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 395, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...tee that they were high energy species. he elaborates on this by bringing up the p...
^^
Line 15, column 510, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...y also had growth rings in their bones. he notes that growth rings clearly reports...
^^
Line 15, column 687, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
... in summers they again started to grow. so, this particular characteristic is not ...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, but, finally, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, then, well, while, as to, in contrast, it is true, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 24.0 10.4613686534 229% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 49.0 22.412803532 219% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 62.0 30.3222958057 204% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2073.0 1373.03311258 151% => OK
No of words: 410.0 270.72406181 151% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.05609756098 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.49982852243 4.04702891845 111% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.67050784227 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 184.0 145.348785872 127% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.448780487805 0.540411800872 83% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 639.0 419.366225166 152% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 8.0 3.25607064018 246% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 57.1727227059 49.2860985944 116% => OK
Chars per sentence: 109.105263158 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.5789473684 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.31578947368 7.06452816374 104% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 11.0 4.19205298013 262% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 12.0 4.33554083885 277% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.166210718127 0.272083759551 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0592732742473 0.0996497079465 59% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0431802587606 0.0662205650399 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.108046340781 0.162205337803 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0238212790241 0.0443174109184 54% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.22 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 92.0 63.6247240618 145% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.