Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus’ surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus' surface, and the planet's atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet's surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The reading and the lecture are both about mars missions challenges. The author of the reading feels that sending humans to mars would actually need to solve many problems they could face. On the other hand, the professor thinks that although its is challenging, the scientist found solutions for each problem.
To begin with, the reading argues that since the trip to mars take at least 2 years, space vehicles will have a limited capacity to pot enough food, water and oxygen supplies required by the crew. This specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. She claims that scientist have found the hydroponic plants, those are known as plants that grow in water instead of soil. These plants will be easily cultivated in a space craft. Additionally, they, as any other plant absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen that can be used by astronauts.
Secondly, the writer suggests that astronauts would be subjected into zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. this can have a harmful effect on their health and it would decrease their muscle mass and lower bone density. The lecturer, however, refuses this by stating the new techniques are implemented to overcome this issue. she adds that regular exercise and vitamin and calcium supplements would help astronauts protect themselves from the negative effect of zero-gravity.
Finally, the reading posits that astronauts would be exposed to dangerous levels of radiation emitted by the sun and construction a shield to protect them would add weight to the ship. In contrast, the professor says that the radiation is not dangerous all the time, instead this radiation occurs occasionally. she continues by explaining that certain instruments are added to the spaceship to monitor the radiation level. And when the monitor indicates that high level of radiation is there, they can stay in a special shielded place that are constructed and wait until radiation is gone. Furthermore, those shields do not add weight to the space craft.
- The Salton Sea in California is actually a salty inland lake. The level of salt in the lake's water-what scientists call its salinity-has been increasing steadily for years because the lake's water is evaporating faster than it is being replaced 73
- In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rap 78
- Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.First, atmospheric 85
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 13, column 132, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...ent of space for many months at a time. this can have a harmful effect on their heal...
^^^^
Line 13, column 349, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...are implemented to overcome this issue. she adds that regular exercise and vitamin ...
^^^
Line 19, column 312, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: She
...ead this radiation occurs occasionally. she continues by explaining that certain in...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, finally, furthermore, however, if, second, secondly, so, at least, in contrast, to begin with, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 13.0 5.04856512141 257% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1705.0 1373.03311258 124% => OK
No of words: 328.0 270.72406181 121% => OK
Chars per words: 5.19817073171 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.25567506705 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.65816595089 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 187.0 145.348785872 129% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.57012195122 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 504.0 419.366225166 120% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 40.3776292169 49.2860985944 82% => OK
Chars per sentence: 100.294117647 110.228320801 91% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.2941176471 21.698381199 89% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.17647058824 7.06452816374 102% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.148508064649 0.272083759551 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0439274510615 0.0996497079465 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0462507982182 0.0662205650399 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0903542112853 0.162205337803 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0391074547081 0.0443174109184 88% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.7 13.3589403974 95% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.88 12.2367328918 105% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.57 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 83.0 63.6247240618 130% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.