Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus’ surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus' surface, and the planet's atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet's surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
Recently, there has been a ton of debates about the possibility of building a permanent station on Venus. More specifically, according to the passage, the writer puts forth the idea that it is unlikely that humans can live on Venus. In the listening passage, the lecturer is quick to point out there are some serious flaws in the writer's claims. The professor believes that humans can build floating stations in Venus' atmosphere, and addresses, in detail the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that atmospheric pressure at the surface of Venus is extremely higher than the pressure at Earth's surface. Some professionals in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim. In the listening, such as the professor states that the floating stations in Venus have pressure equal to the pressure on Earth's surface. He goes on to say that the atmospheric pressure in Venus decrease with height.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, thinks that Venus' surface does not contain any water or oxygen and it is only made from huge amounts of other gases. Of course, though, not all experts in this field believe this is correct. Again, the professor specifically addresses this point when he states that humans can produce water and oxygen in the floating stations by using available gases on Venus' surface.
Finally, the author wraps his argument by positing that a quite little amount of sunlight reaches the Venus' surface due to the thickness of Venus' clouds. Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes this issue with his claim by contending that the clouds in Venus are not very thick at 50-kilometer height. Moreover, power cells on the stations can collect the sunlight easily.
- Private collectors have been selling and buying fossils the petrified remains of ancient organisms ever since the eighteenth century In recent years however the sale of fossils particularly of dinosaurs and other large vertebrates has grown into a 78
- Ethanol fuel, made from plants such as corn and sugar cane, has been advocated by some people as an alternative to gasoline in the United States. However, many critics argue that ethanol is not a good replacement for gasoline for several reasons.First, th 83
- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement People should keep trying to reach their goals even if they seem impossible to achieve Use specific reasons and examples to explain your position 70
- Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is Thus the project o 3
- Competition between friends always has a negative effect on their friendship 70
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, first, however, if, moreover, so, of course, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 42.0 30.3222958057 139% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1395.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 275.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 5.07272727273 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07223819929 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.58244806657 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 149.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.541818181818 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 427.5 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 33.4904384482 49.2860985944 68% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.307692308 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.1538461538 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.69230769231 7.06452816374 66% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.121866721629 0.272083759551 45% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0453417531411 0.0996497079465 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0402532198016 0.0662205650399 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0742235933241 0.162205337803 46% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.037684446951 0.0443174109184 85% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.0 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 50.16 53.8541721854 93% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.13 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.24 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.