Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in Polar Regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading passage indicates that dinosaurs was endotherm and shows three reasons behind this stand. However, the speaker in the lecture casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She strongly denies and states that those logics are outdated and disproves all of them.
First and foremost, the author claims that dinosaurs fossils have been found in the polar region. If they couldnt control body temperature, they must not have been found in the polar region. The lecturer claims that during that time polar region might be warmer than today. so, they can easily survived there. He adds that during cold temperature, they might migrate to a warmer area. Thus, this hypothesis couldnt be true.
Secondly, the writer claims that lag positions of dinosaurs was different from todays reptiles which helped dinosaurs in physical movement. The lecturer argues that dinosaurs weight was supported through legs. And not all high energy endotherm have leg position like this. hence , this argument lacks coherence.
Thirdly, the author claims that Haversian canals found in the dinosaurs body which is the solid proof of endotherms.Due to presence of Haversian canals living animals grow quickly. The lecturer states that in dinosaurs fossils growth rings also have been found. this indicates thickness of bones stops growing or slow during cold time. so , both things couldnt be happened at the same time. hence, it disproves the third logic.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020-01-21 | liboooyang | 81 | view |
| 2020-01-04 | Tharwat | 83 | view |
| 2019-12-19 | savikx | 66 | view |
| 2019-12-18 | TEJAS PATIL | 80 | view |
| 2019-12-14 | fafar | 80 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 251, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...tates that those logics are outdated and disproves all of them. First and...
^^
Line 7, column 107, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...been found in the polar region. If they couldnt control body temperature, they must not...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 275, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...olar region might be warmer than today. so, they can easily survived there. He add...
^^
Line 7, column 295, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'can' requires the base form of the verb: 'survive'
Suggestion: survive
... warmer than today. so, they can easily survived there. He adds that during cold tempera...
^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 408, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...to a warmer area. Thus, this hypothesis couldnt be true. Secondly, the writer c...
^^^^^^^
Line 13, column 274, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Hence
... endotherm have leg position like this. hence , this argument lacks coherence. ...
^^^^^
Line 13, column 279, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...therm have leg position like this. hence , this argument lacks coherence. ...
^^
Line 19, column 117, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Due
... which is the solid proof of endotherms.Due to presence of Haversian canals living ...
^^^
Line 19, column 263, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: This
...sils growth rings also have been found. this indicates thickness of bones stops grow...
^^^^
Line 19, column 337, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...stops growing or slow during cold time. so , both things couldnt be happened at th...
^^
Line 19, column 339, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...ops growing or slow during cold time. so , both things couldnt be happened at the ...
^^
Line 19, column 354, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...slow during cold time. so , both things couldnt be happened at the same time. hence, it...
^^^^^^^
Line 19, column 392, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Hence
...s couldnt be happened at the same time. hence, it disproves the third logic.
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, hence, however, if, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, thus
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 23.0 30.3222958057 76% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1232.0 1373.03311258 90% => OK
No of words: 231.0 270.72406181 85% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.33333333333 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.89854898053 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.34120860099 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 139.0 145.348785872 96% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.601731601732 0.540411800872 111% => OK
syllable_count: 350.1 419.366225166 83% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 12.0 21.2450331126 56% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 35.8383286785 49.2860985944 73% => OK
Chars per sentence: 68.4444444444 110.228320801 62% => OK
Words per sentence: 12.8333333333 21.698381199 59% => More words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 4.16666666667 7.06452816374 59% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 13.0 4.19205298013 310% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0787273486645 0.272083759551 29% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0231599419544 0.0996497079465 23% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0249220900684 0.0662205650399 38% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0511130876127 0.162205337803 32% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.01507536258 0.0443174109184 34% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.1 13.3589403974 76% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 67.76 53.8541721854 126% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 6.8 11.0289183223 62% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.75 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.06 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 56.0 63.6247240618 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 5.5 10.7273730684 51% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 6.8 10.498013245 65% => OK
text_standard: 7.0 11.2008830022 62% => The average readability is low. Need to imporve the language.
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.