Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles
In this set of materials, the reading and writing both discuss the theory created after bees' fossils found in Arizona. The article speculates the existence of bees before 200 million years ago and, provides three reasons to endorse its idea. However, the lecturer states there is perfect explanation for the bee's existence 200 mIllion years ago and, gainsays each of arguments from the reading.
First and foremost, the reading begins by asserting that until the date no fossilized structure is found that is as old as 200 million years. The only found structure was as half old as found in Aroizona.On the other hand, the lecturer dismisses that point by insisting the reason for finding no structure was absence of resin-producing trees. He goes on to explain by stating that before 200 million years ago, resinous trees were not found, and therefore preservation of bees as fossils were preposterous.On top, resin trees started to become common a lot late. Therefore, if archeologists do not not find any fossil, that does not mean bees have not existed.
Furthermore, the lecture posits that though there is a close relationship established between flowering plants and bees now, it was not always same. Especially before evolution of flowering plants, bees could have to get noursihment from non flowering plants.He exemplifies that by fern and pine plants that bees had used to supersede flowering plants. Moreover, he explained with the passage of time, bees adopted their feeding towards the flowering plants. Thees claims clearly refutes the writer implication that 200 million years ago flowering plants were not evolve, therefore bees presence at that time is impossible too.
Ultimatley, the writer wraps up its arguments by declaring that bees nest fossils found in Arizona lacked some details such as the spiral pattern on caps, so they were fossils of someother insect.Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes an issue with that by contending modern bees produce a distinct substance which have characteristics chemical composition. When chemical analysis was performed in the fossilized bees nest, the same chemical compound was extracted. This is enough to prove that fossilized structure is of bees 200 million year ago. As result, bees existence was possible then.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 309, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...es there is perfect explanation for the bees existence 200 mIllion years ago and, ga...
^^^^
Line 2, column 205, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: On
...re was as half old as found in Aroizona.On the other hand, the lecturer dismisses ...
^^
Line 2, column 508, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: On
...on of bees as fossils were preposterous.On top, resin trees started to become comm...
^^
Line 2, column 596, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: not
...ot late. Therefore, if archeologists do not not find any fossil, that does not mean bee...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 259, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: He
...t noursihment from non flowering plants.He exemplifies that by fern and pine plant...
^^
Line 3, column 564, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'evolved'.
Suggestion: evolved
...ion years ago flowering plants were not evolve, therefore bees presence at that time i...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 196, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Not
...o they were fossils of someother insect.Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes an iss...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, furthermore, however, if, moreover, so, then, therefore, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 42.0 30.3222958057 139% => OK
Nominalization: 12.0 5.01324503311 239% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1919.0 1373.03311258 140% => OK
No of words: 364.0 270.72406181 134% => OK
Chars per words: 5.27197802198 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.36792674256 4.04702891845 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.77312406198 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 202.0 145.348785872 139% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.554945054945 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 577.8 419.366225166 138% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 71.6242044749 49.2860985944 145% => OK
Chars per sentence: 127.933333333 110.228320801 116% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.2666666667 21.698381199 112% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.0 7.06452816374 85% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.441743807926 0.272083759551 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.161517701453 0.0996497079465 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0989882104233 0.0662205650399 149% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.276857855969 0.162205337803 171% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0852727679508 0.0443174109184 192% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.5 13.3589403974 116% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 47.12 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.7 11.0289183223 115% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.58 12.2367328918 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.86 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 93.0 63.6247240618 146% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 309, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...es there is perfect explanation for the bees existence 200 mIllion years ago and, ga...
^^^^
Line 2, column 205, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: On
...re was as half old as found in Aroizona.On the other hand, the lecturer dismisses ...
^^
Line 2, column 508, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: On
...on of bees as fossils were preposterous.On top, resin trees started to become comm...
^^
Line 2, column 596, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: not
...ot late. Therefore, if archeologists do not not find any fossil, that does not mean bee...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 259, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: He
...t noursihment from non flowering plants.He exemplifies that by fern and pine plant...
^^
Line 3, column 564, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[2]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'evolved'.
Suggestion: evolved
...ion years ago flowering plants were not evolve, therefore bees presence at that time i...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 196, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Not
...o they were fossils of someother insect.Not surprisingly, the lecturer takes an iss...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, furthermore, however, if, moreover, so, then, therefore, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 42.0 30.3222958057 139% => OK
Nominalization: 12.0 5.01324503311 239% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1919.0 1373.03311258 140% => OK
No of words: 364.0 270.72406181 134% => OK
Chars per words: 5.27197802198 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.36792674256 4.04702891845 108% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.77312406198 2.5805825403 107% => OK
Unique words: 202.0 145.348785872 139% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.554945054945 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 577.8 419.366225166 138% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 71.6242044749 49.2860985944 145% => OK
Chars per sentence: 127.933333333 110.228320801 116% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.2666666667 21.698381199 112% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.0 7.06452816374 85% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.441743807926 0.272083759551 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.161517701453 0.0996497079465 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0989882104233 0.0662205650399 149% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.276857855969 0.162205337803 171% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0852727679508 0.0443174109184 192% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.5 13.3589403974 116% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 47.12 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.7 11.0289183223 115% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.58 12.2367328918 111% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.86 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 93.0 63.6247240618 146% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.