In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The “Voynich manuscript,” as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book’s content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript.One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham’s book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550.
According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth-century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text.
Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich’s plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
Recently, there has been a debate on Voynich Manuscript.More specifically, in the reading passage, the writer puts forth three possible origins of the manuscript.In the listening, the lecturer is quick to point out that there are some serious flaws in the writers claim. In fact, the professor believes and addresses in detail the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that the author is Anthony Ascham because the manuscripts show some scientific work or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Some professionals, in the same field, however, stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening, for example, the professor states that Ascham is an ordinary physician or scientist without any knowledge regarding books.Besides, herbarium is a common plant with a well known source.Therefore he is not the author.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, thinks that the Voynich manuscript is really phoney because its text is not real.Of course, though, not all experts in the field believe this is accurate. Again, the speaker addresses this point by claiming that the script is not made to swindle people because the author was so meticulous .Moreover, if he actually made the book to deceive people he wouldn't have made it complex.
Finally, the author brings his argument to a close by suggesting that the manuscript was made recently to be fake because its source came from Wilfrid.M.Voynich.Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue with this by contending that there are new innovations for modern method that exempt the author because the manuscript actually consist of 400 pages.Moreover, this was created before Voynich books came into existence.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
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...has been a debate on Voynich Manuscript.More specifically, in the reading passage, t...
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...hree possible origins of the manuscript.In the listening, the lecturer is quick to...
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...the author is Anthony Ascham because the manuscripts show some scientific work or...
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...or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Some professionals, in the ...
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... stand in firm opposition to this claim.In the listening, for example, the profess...
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...t without any knowledge regarding books.Besides, herbarium is a common plant with a wel...
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...a common plant with a well known source.Therefore he is not the author. One group of s...
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...lly phoney because its text is not real.Of course, though, not all experts in the ...
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...ple because the author was so meticulous .Moreover, if he actually made the book t...
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...e because the author was so meticulous .Moreover, if he actually made the book to deceiv...
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...ally made the book to deceive people he wouldnt have made it complex. Finally, the a...
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...ke because its source came from Wilfrid.M.Voynich.Not surprisingly, the professor...
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... its source came from Wilfrid.M.Voynich.Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue...
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...ssor takes issue with this by contending that there are new innovations for moder...
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Suggestion: Moreover
...anuscript actually consist of 400 pages.Moreover, this was created before Voynich books ...
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, besides, finally, first, however, if, moreover, really, regarding, so, therefore, well, for example, in fact, of course
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 0.0 5.04856512141 0% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1486.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 279.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 5.32616487455 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08696624509 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.03143603761 2.5805825403 117% => OK
Unique words: 162.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.58064516129 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 445.5 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 7.0 13.0662251656 54% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 39.0 21.2450331126 184% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 93.4733400822 49.2860985944 190% => OK
Chars per sentence: 212.285714286 110.228320801 193% => OK
Words per sentence: 39.8571428571 21.698381199 184% => OK
Discourse Markers: 18.4285714286 7.06452816374 261% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 18.0 4.19205298013 429% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.152647100565 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0666202331196 0.0996497079465 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0571793899171 0.0662205650399 86% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0960357987682 0.162205337803 59% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0516196249561 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 23.6 13.3589403974 177% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 31.89 53.8541721854 59% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 11.2 5.55761589404 202% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 18.5 11.0289183223 168% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 14.23 12.2367328918 116% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.7 8.42419426049 115% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 17.6 10.498013245 168% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 83.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.