The following opinion was provided in a letter to the editor of a national aeronautics magazine:
“Manned space flight is costly and dangerous. Moreover, the recent success of a series of unmanned space probes and satellites has demonstrated that a great deal of useful information can be gathered without the costs and risks associated with sending men and women into space. Therefore, we should invest our resources in unmanned space flight”.
Write a response in which you examine the stated and/or unstated assumptions of the argument. Be sure to explain how the argument depends on these assumptions and what the implications are for the argument if the assumptions prove unwarranted.
The conclusion drawn by the author that because of the success of the unmanned space probes and satelites, when compared to the cost and danger of a manned space flight, the aeronautics company should invest in unmanned space flights is one that seems logical on the surface, but this conclusion was hastily drawn and is based on a lot of unwarranted assumptions by the author, which when logically considered seriously weakens the authors arguments and makes his conclusion unacceptable.
Firstly, the author assumes that the space probes and satelites perform exaclty the same duties as the manned space flight, hence since the probes and satelites are successful, then they can be used to replace the manned space flight. This assumption is very flawed for several reasons, for example, it could be that the duties performed my the manned space flight is more complex and more sophisticated than the duties of the probes and satelites. the man in the space flight might be required to carry out duties such as communicating directly with the team on earth, he could also be responsible for making mental and intuitive decisions about some certain observations. These are tasks that are obviously impossible for probes and satelites to carry out, as they do not not have the mental ability or the intuitiveness of man to make certain decisions. despite the success of the unmanned flight, If any of these explanations hold tru, then the authors argument is seriously weakened as the space probes and satelites would be unable to carry out the same duties as the manned flight.
Also, the author assumes that the unmanned flight is less costly and dangerous when compared to the manned flight. While this could be true, the author did not provide any concere evidence to show that ther is no cost implication or danger associated with the unmanned flight. It could be that the cost of setting up unmanned flight is equal or even more than the unmanned flight. It could also be that the unmanned flight has some other dangers associated with it, even if it does not involve the dangers of sending men and women into space. Other dangers might include, the danger of the devices failing, and the danger of the devices not getting the information from the areas required. If any of these conditions hold true, then the authors argument is weakened.
Furthermore, the author assumes that the manned space flight returns exactly the same quality and quantity of information as the unmanned probes and satelites. while this may be true, there is also a possibility that the nature, quality and quanity of information provided by the manned space flight are more detailed and valuable that provided by the unmanned space flight. If this is true, the argument would be flawed, as the results would be less effective with the unmanned space flight.
In conclusion, before the recommendation that the company should invest its resources in unmanned space flights is adopted, the author needs to provide more evidenced to support his assumptions, in order for his conclusion to be adequately evaluated.
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Comments
e-rater score report
Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: 3.5 out of 6
Category: Satisfactory Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 8 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 9 2
No. of Sentences: 13 15
No. of Words: 516 350
No. of Characters: 2530 1500
No. of Different Words: 197 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.766 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.903 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.542 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 192 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 131 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 80 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 52 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 39.692 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 22.307 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.846 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.445 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.669 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.191 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 5 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 450, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...the duties of the probes and satelites. the man in the space flight might be requir...
^^^
Line 3, column 771, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: not
... and satelites to carry out, as they do not not have the mental ability or the intuitiv...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 858, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Despite
...eness of man to make certain decisions. despite the success of the unmanned flight, If ...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 950, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...f these explanations hold tru, then the authors argument is seriously weakened as the s...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 738, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...of these conditions hold true, then the authors argument is weakened. Furthermore, ...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 767, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
..., then the authors argument is weakened. Furthermore, the author assumes that the...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 161, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: While
...n as the unmanned probes and satelites. while this may be true, there is also a possi...
^^^^^
Line 9, column 195, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...re evidenced to support his assumptions, in order for his conclusion to be adequa...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, firstly, furthermore, hence, if, may, so, then, while, for example, in conclusion, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 29.0 19.6327345309 148% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 14.0 12.9520958084 108% => OK
Conjunction : 22.0 11.1786427146 197% => OK
Relative clauses : 17.0 13.6137724551 125% => OK
Pronoun: 34.0 28.8173652695 118% => OK
Preposition: 52.0 55.5748502994 94% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 16.3942115768 61% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2593.0 2260.96107784 115% => OK
No of words: 516.0 441.139720559 117% => OK
Chars per words: 5.02519379845 5.12650576532 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.76609204519 4.56307096286 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63657288645 2.78398813304 95% => OK
Unique words: 203.0 204.123752495 99% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.393410852713 0.468620217663 84% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 812.7 705.55239521 115% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 4.96107784431 121% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.76447105788 114% => OK
Subordination: 10.0 2.70958083832 369% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.67365269461 119% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 4.22255489022 71% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 19.7664670659 76% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 34.0 22.8473053892 149% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 89.414987558 57.8364921388 155% => OK
Chars per sentence: 172.866666667 119.503703932 145% => OK
Words per sentence: 34.4 23.324526521 147% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.2 5.70786347227 126% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 8.0 5.25449101796 152% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 8.20758483034 97% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 6.88822355289 87% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.67664670659 21% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.309323461901 0.218282227539 142% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.138998932745 0.0743258471296 187% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0588548476887 0.0701772020484 84% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.198336931471 0.128457276422 154% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0511944305127 0.0628817314937 81% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 19.5 14.3799401198 136% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 36.97 48.3550499002 76% => OK
smog_index: 11.2 7.1628742515 156% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 16.6 12.197005988 136% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.49 12.5979740519 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.35 8.32208582834 100% => OK
difficult_words: 99.0 98.500998004 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 29.0 12.3882235529 234% => Linsear_write_formula is high.
gunning_fog: 15.6 11.1389221557 140% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.9071856287 101% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.