In 1995 a microscopic fungus called Phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread—like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails—would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Clearing large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
The reading and the lecture are both about Phytophthora ramorum ; a microscopic fungus that causes serious damage to oak trees.While the reading outline three effective ways of keeping the forest from P.ramorum,the professor in the lecture refutes this argument considering all the three methods to have serious setbacks.He moves on to challenge all the points measured in the reading passage.
According to the reading passage,one of the methods of preventing the fungus is to encourage hikers to keep their shoes clean and also install new bike rubbers on their bicycle trails.The professor on the other hand challenges this point by positing that cleaning shoes and installing bike rubbers will not make a great impact because P.ramorum can be transmitted through water streams such as rainfall and this rainfall moves the fungus to far distances.Hence the professor opposes the first point from the passage.
Another method mentioned by the reading is the use of fungicides to strengthen the oak tree's immunity over the P.ramorum.Nevertheless, the professor counteracts this point by explaining that this approach is only effective when the fungicides are injected to the trunk of the tree.Besides, the drug only last for several months.Therefore, the injection needs to be repeated always in order to maintain effectiveness.Thus, the point from the text cannot be supported by evidence.
Finally,the article claims that the clear cutting method, which involves;destroying the disease oak and healthy vegetation, is another way of preventing P.ramorum since some of the surrounding trees are likely to be infected even though they aren’t showing symptoms.In contrast, the lecturer rejects this point by indicating that healthy vegetations are the one’s destroyed.Additionally, he states that the destruction of healthy trees are important in some forest because it represent great ecological damage as compared to the damage the P.ramorum is trying to protect. Therefore, the point in the lecture can be considered invalid.
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Grammar and spelling errors:
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, finally, first, hence, nevertheless, so, then, therefore, thus, while, in contrast, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 18.0 22.412803532 80% => OK
Preposition: 44.0 30.3222958057 145% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1738.0 1373.03311258 127% => OK
No of words: 310.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 5.6064516129 5.08290768461 110% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.19604776685 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.39546185306 2.5805825403 132% => OK
Unique words: 167.0 145.348785872 115% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.538709677419 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 521.1 419.366225166 124% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 5.0 13.0662251656 38% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 62.0 21.2450331126 292% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 182.046587444 49.2860985944 369% => The lengths of sentences changed so frequently.
Chars per sentence: 347.6 110.228320801 315% => Less chars_per_sentence wanted.
Words per sentence: 62.0 21.698381199 286% => Less words per sentence wanted.
Discourse Markers: 25.0 7.06452816374 354% => Less transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 24.0 4.19205298013 573% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.221316524416 0.272083759551 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.111427065989 0.0996497079465 112% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0795228467683 0.0662205650399 120% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.134991906638 0.162205337803 83% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0594698632222 0.0443174109184 134% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 36.0 13.3589403974 269% => Automated_readability_index is high.
flesch_reading_ease: 0.09 53.8541721854 0% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 13.0 5.55761589404 234% => Smog_index is high.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 28.7 11.0289183223 260% => Flesch kincaid grade is high.
coleman_liau_index: 16.15 12.2367328918 132% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.99 8.42419426049 130% => OK
difficult_words: 84.0 63.6247240618 132% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 27.0 10.7273730684 252% => Linsear_write_formula is high.
gunning_fog: 26.8 10.498013245 255% => Gunning_fog is high.
text_standard: 27.0 11.2008830022 241% => The average readability is very high. Good job!
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.