In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum , reproduce. Researchers have discovered that
many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread-like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails- would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal( fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice
called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation( bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Cleaning larger areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
In the lecture, the professor makes a series of points that cast doubt on all the preventions methods presented in the reading passage. She states unfortunately all the precaution’s methods for preventing fungal diseases of the forest are impractical.
First of all, she states stopping spores from human spread by cleaning shoes and bike wheel can not have huge impact in controlling the fungal disease of forest. In fact, most of the spread of spores is not trough human assistant but trough rainfalls.Therefore, spores would wash to the stream and prevention is much harder.
Moreover, she disagrees with the idea of using few chemical as fungicide.She states this method needs multiple injections for three months to be effective. This multiple injections for treating the forests with thousands of trees is impractical and expensive.
Lastly, the professor clarifies that clear cutting in some area could be a good option by sacrificing some plant for saving others. However ,in US most of the rare plant are close to oak tree and by clearing them greater ecological damage would happen.Hence,this act is not practical.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-02-17 | coredroid0401@gmail.com | 3 | view |
| 2019-03-06 | jeyjey | 71 | view |
- TPO-44 - Integrated Writing Task In 1957 a European silver coin dating to the eleventh century was discovered at a Native American archaeological site in the state of Maine in the United States. Many people believed the coin had been originally brought to 78
- TPO-47 - Integrated Writing Task Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered 78
- TPO-47 - Integrated Writing Task Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered 66
- TPO-49 - Integrated Writing Task Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: the 68
- TPO-49 - Independent Writing Task Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?The ability to maintain friendships with a small number of people over a long period of time is more important for happiness than the ability to make many new friends 70
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 251, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Therefore
...gh human assistant but trough rainfalls.Therefore, spores would wash to the stream and pr...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 73, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: She
...idea of using few chemical as fungicide.She states this method needs multiple injec...
^^^
Line 4, column 139, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
...ng some plant for saving others. However ,in US most of the rare plant are close t...
^^
Line 4, column 252, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Hence
... greater ecological damage would happen.Hence,this act is not practical.
^^^^^
Line 4, column 257, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , this
...ter ecological damage would happen.Hence,this act is not practical.
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, hence, however, if, lastly, moreover, so, therefore, in fact, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 2.0 12.0772626932 17% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 11.0 22.412803532 49% => OK
Preposition: 25.0 30.3222958057 82% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 952.0 1373.03311258 69% => OK
No of words: 181.0 270.72406181 67% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.25966850829 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.66791821706 4.04702891845 91% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.1339459419 2.5805825403 121% => OK
Unique words: 117.0 145.348785872 80% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.646408839779 0.540411800872 120% => OK
syllable_count: 280.8 419.366225166 67% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 2.0 8.23620309051 24% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 8.0 13.0662251656 61% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 19.9024967027 49.2860985944 40% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 119.0 110.228320801 108% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.625 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.75 7.06452816374 152% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0472119853305 0.272083759551 17% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0217431003606 0.0996497079465 22% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0238520497857 0.0662205650399 36% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0262301872796 0.162205337803 16% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00879898780935 0.0443174109184 20% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.7 13.3589403974 110% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 53.8541721854 91% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.52 12.2367328918 110% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.35 8.42419426049 111% => OK
difficult_words: 53.0 63.6247240618 83% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.